كليدواژه :
مجسمه سازي قاجار , كتيبه هاي صخره اي , مجسمه سازي ايران , هنر قاجار , مجسمه همايوني
چكيده فارسي :
حجم پردازي و نقش برجسته در ايران سابقه اي كهن دارد. اما در دوران اسلامي نتوانست در همان ابعاد پيش از عصر اسلامي ظاهر شود، ليكن ذوق نقش برجسته سازي و حجم پردازي ايرانيان به صورت هاي ديگري ازجمله تزيينات برجسته در معماري، مقبره سازي و نقش هاي منقور مجال ظهور يافت. در دوران قاجار در زمينه احياي نگاره هاي صخره ايِ اقداماتي صورت گرفت و آثاري به وجود آمد كه تداوم روش و سنت هاي باستاني را نشان مي دهد. همچنين توجه به مجسمه سازي تمام برجسته و طبيعت گرا در نيمه دوم اين دوران صورت پذيرفت و اولين مجسمه تمام برجسته طبيعت گراي دوران اسلامي ايران، در همين عصر ساخته شد. اين مقاله ضمن توجه به پيشينه مجسمه سازي و تحّولات آن در ايران، براساس منابع مكتوب و مصوّر دوره قاجار، به بررسي رويكردهاي مجسمه سازي و حجاري آن دوران مي پردازد و تاثير دربار، به ويژه شخص شاه را در روند دگرگوني حجم پردازي مورد توجه قرار مي دهد؛ به خصوص آشنايي شخص ناصرالدين شاه با مجسمه هاي طبيعت گرا در سفرهايش به اروپا كه منجر به ساخته شدن "مجسمه همايوني" شد. همچنين بهره گيري از آثار حجمي براي آموزش هنر نقاشي در نقاشخانه دولتي و مدرسه كمال الملك كه زمينه آكادميك رويكرد به مجسمه سازي تمام برجسته را در ايران فراهم آورد.
چكيده لاتين :
Inscriptions in calligraphy, hard stone carving and rock reliefs have a long tradition in Iranian Art. Although from the pre-Islamic times many important samples of three dimensional Sculptures have been found in Iran, during the Islamic era, because of the religious edicts and beliefs, that they had the sculpting prohibited, the art of sculpture couldn’t be developed in the way of pre-Islamic style. Nevertheless Iranian’s tendency to this kind of art appeared in the different artistic forms, such as decorative reliefs in architectures, monumental buildings, tombs, mausoleums and different types of carving of vessels. But during the Qajars some efforts were made in order to revive the royal rock reliefs. Therefore many artworks were made in this time show the durability and endurance of the Iranian old traditions and styles of sculpture and rock relief. Also in the second half of the Qajar dynasty the realistic and three dimensional sculptures became the center of attention, so that the first realistic sculpture in the round was made in the Islamic times. This event, as itself, was the first step of the next artistic developments in the field of sculpture. In fact, cultural, political, and social changes in 19th century in Iran can be considered as the last stage of the traditional developments in Iran’s society. In the first section of the Qajar dynasty, in the other word, during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah (1797- 1834) many efforts were taken in the royal court, especially because of the demand of Shah himself, in order to revive the Iranian old traditions in the fields of literature and art. With beginning of reign of Nasser al-Din Shah (1848) commenced a new period of time in Iran’s history. It was the time to distance from the social and cultural traditions and tend to western developments. In the field of sculpture the naturalistic and three dimensional and also monumental sculptures came to core, so that the art of sculpting became an artistic activity in relationship with the new urban design. Beside a brief review of the history of sculpture in Iran, this article, based on the pictorial and written resources, studies the different approaches of sculpture and stone carving during the time of Qajars. One of the main issues that will be studied in this article is the role of royal court in the process of the development of sculpture, from a traditional status to a realistic art style. Especially in this relationship the impact of Nasser al-Din Shah’s travels to Europe and his confrontation with realistic sculpture that led to making his royal statue will be considered. Other main issues in this study are the use of decorative application of sculpture in royal courts and also the use of imported sculptures as the educational samples to learn painting, drawing and sculpting in the first art schools in western style that paved the way to three dimensional sculptures and naturalistic painting in Iran.
