بررسي فقهي- حقوقي طرق انتقال ارادي طلب با نگاهي تطبيقي به حقوق فرانسه

A Legal and Jurisprudential Study about the Ways of Intentional Assignment of Entitlements in Comparison with French Law

تعهد به اعتبار جنبه مثبت آن، طلب ناميده مي‌شود. انتقال ارادي طلب عبارت است از جابه جايي قراردادي طلب از دارايي طلبكار به دارايي شخص ديگر. در حقوق فرانسه پس از فراز و نشيب هاي بسيار، با پذيرش تصور جدايي طلب از شخصيت طلبكار، امكان انتقال ارادي طلب با قايل شدن ويژگي بيع براي آن پيش بيني گرديد. البته اين امر نافي امكان تحقق اين نهاد حقوقي در قالب ساير تاسيسات حقوقي از قبيل هبه و غيره نيست. درحقوق ايران ضمن پذيرش مباني انتقال طلب در قالب عقود حواله و ضمان، اين انتقال از طريق عقود معين و نامعين و همچنين از طريق واگذاري اسناد قابل معامله قابل تصور است.

Intentional assignment of entitlements (as opposed to debts) is a legal institution which is based on the possibility of separation of entitlements from the personality of creditor and of its assignment to a third party. In the voluntary assignment of entitlements, the creditors may assign their rights to a third party. After long discussions, voluntary assignment of rights has been accepted in the French law as a sale contract. However, it is achievable by other contracts such as gift contract. Fortunately, in the Iranian law, which is rooted in the Islamic rules, there is no problem in acceptance the legal institution of voluntary assignment of rights. It is necessary to say that, voluntary assignment of right in the Iranian law is possible in many ways including specific contracts, and non-specific contracts and some other special ways such as assignment of commercial papers. In spite of jurisprudential idea, assignment of right by sale contract is not accepted.