مباني راي اصراري حقوقي 16 - 20/11/88 در فسخ نكاح به سبب تخلف از وصف ضمني

The bases of the Iranian Supreme Courtsʹʹ decision no 16 Dated 9/2/2010 on the rescission of marriage for the violation of its implied terms

زوج دعوايي به خواسته فسخ نكاح عليه زوجه طرح و مستند خود را نظريات پزشك در باره معايب جسمي زوجه قرار داده است. پزشكي قانوني امكان معاشرت در وضعيتي خاص در آينده را به شرط آموزش و تكرار، و نيز امكان باروري در آينده را تنها از طريق رحم اجاره اي گواهي نموده است. دادگاه تجديدنظر به اين استدلال كه مورد هيچ يك از موارد خيار عيب (ماده 1123 قانون مدني) و خيار تخلف از شرط (ماده 1128 قانون مدني) و خيار تدليس نيست، حكم به رد دعواي فسخ صادر نموده و بر اين معنا در قبال شعبه ديوان عالي كشور –كه معتقد به وجود حق فسخ بوده- اصرار ورزيده است. از اين رو، قضيه در هيات عمومي شعب حقوقي ديوان مرقوم طرح گشته و اين هيات طي راي اصراري شماره 16 مورخ20/11/88 (با شماره رديف 88/12) مورد را از مصاديق فسخ به موجب تخلف از وصف ضمني سلامت موضوع ماده 1128 قانون مدني شمرده است. اين مقاله در صدد تشريح مباني اين راي اصراري در فقه، قانون و اصول حقوقي است.

In a family related case, the husband, relying upon sound medical records, brought a case against her wife to rescind the marriage on the basis of "her wife having two major deficiencies since the marriage took place, i.e.: her privacy being too short for intercourse, and her womb being too small to room a foetus". The Iranian Court of Appeal argued that pursuant to the Article 10 of the Iranian Constitutional Law, the stability of the family must be respected as far as possible, and so, the articles allowing the rescission of the marriage must be interpreted restrictedly. The Court continued that the case was none of "the option to rescind for defect (Article 1123 of Iranian Civil Code), the option to rescind for the violation of the marriage terms (Article 1128 of Iranian Civil Code) and the option to rescind for fraud (Article 439 of Iranian Civil Code)". Accordingly, The Court dismissed the case. The Appeal Court did so, notwithstanding that a legal branch of the Iranian Supreme Courts had already overruled such a judgment issued by another branch of the Appeal Courts in the very same case. That is why the case was brought before the Body of the Legal Branches of the Supreme Courts to be decided. In its non-binding judgment, the Body, mainly focusing on the rationale behind the marriage between two young individuals, ruled that the case was an instance of the violation of the implied terms of the marriage which according to the Article 1128 of Iranian Civil Code, gives rise to the rescission. The Body, hence, overruled the Appeal Courtʹs Judgment for the Defendant (wife), and, in its non-binding judgment, held that the Claimant (husband) has a right to rescind the marriage without any obligation on his side to pay the marriage portion, and sent the case to a different branch of Appeal Courts to be judged in the light of the Bodyʹs decision. This essay is to find the bases of the Bodyʹs decision in Fiqh (Shiʹt Law), Iranian law and the general principles of the law of contracts.