پرسش‌هاي اساسي رابطه اخلاق و سياست

The Principles and the Challenges facing the Relations between Morality and Politics

در صورت مشتمل بودن فعل اخلاقي بر ابعاد مثبت و منفي، از پيوند اخلاق و سياست، گريزي نيست. توصيه‌هاي مثبت و منفي اخلاقي، براي سياست، در عمل، از اجتناب‌ناپذيري پيوند مزبور حكايت مي‌كند. اما به نظر مي‌رسد منظور مدافعان جدايي اخلاق و سياست، پيوند وجه مثبت و مطلق ارزش‌هاي اخلاقي با افعال اقتضايي سياست باشد. شايد اين پاسخ، حالتي از موجه‌نمايي را در صورت، حفظ كند، اما در برابر سوال اساسي علل و عوامل شكاف ميان افعال اختياري (اخلاقي و سياسي) و سطوح مختلف حيات فردي و اجتماعي و پايايي اين شكاف، بي‌پاسخ مي‌ماند. بهترين پاسخ به سوال رابطه اخلاق و سياست، مشابه دانستن اين دو در يك سطح (اختياري بودن) و دفاع از حيات يكپارچه انساني و متفاوت ديدن آنها در سطحي ديگر، هدف في نفسه اخلاق و ارزش‌هاي متعالي، به رغم توجه به ضرورت هستي‌شناختي و غايت شناختي آن (تقدّم ارزشي) و مشروط و وسيله بودن افعال سياسي يا قدرت (تقدّم رتبي) است. از ميان گونه‌شناسي قدرت، اگر فعل مشروط سياسي يا قدرت، به طور عمده بر مدار اقناع و نفوذ باشد، گرايش آن به اخلاق، در مقايسه با زماني كه بر مدار زور، تهديد و اغوا داير باشد، بيشتر است. اطمينان از جهات اخلاقي سياست نيز در گرو نقد فعّال و نظارت مستمر نهادهاي مدني، به ويژه اخلاقي و ديني در جامعه است.

In case of the inclusion of positive and negative aspects in the realm of moral actions, one has to accept the inseparability of morality and politics. The positive and negative recommendations of morality for politics indicate the inevitability of this bond between morality and politics. However, probably, the adherents of the separation of morality and politics mean that there is a relationship between the positive and immutable aspects of moral values and the expedient activities and actions of politics. Perhaps, this solution maintains a form of superficial justification. However, it is incapable of accounting for the basic questions such as the causes of the separation between the voluntary actions (both moral and political) and the various levels of the social and individual lives of the people. The gap between these two levels cannot be filled with this superficial claim, perhaps the best answer to the relation between morality and politics is to treat them as similar in the level of being voluntary and the defense of a holistic human existence which indicates that these two might have differences in another level. The main principles of morality and its high values in spite of the necessity of their existential and finalistic values, are the probation and conditional value of political actions and the fact that they are at most means and not ends as such the ranks of power are also the same. If a political conditional action is centered upon influence and justification, its catering towards morality is higher than when it is based on threat and coercion. To make sure that political actions are moral-based, they should constantly be under the investigation and supervision of both religious and civil institutions especially the moral and religious institution should play the greatest roles in this respect.