بررسي تطبيقي هنرهاي تزييني داخل كاخ صاحبقرانيه و بناهاي روسيه قرن18و19ميلادي

The comparative analysis interior decorative arts of Sahebgharanieh palace & Russian 18 & 19 century building’s

بشر اوليه ديواره هاي غارها را با توجه به حس زيبايي شناسي خود؛ براي برآوردن نياز شكار و تامين غذا نقاشي كرد. به تدريج رنگ آميزي و تزيينات، جزيي از فضاي داخلي خانه شد و البته به محل سكونت پادشاهان نيز وارد شد. تزيينات داخلي كاخ ها با توجه به فرهنگ، هنر و آداب و رسوم هر تمدن متفاوت است. با روابط سياسي بين كشورها تغييرات بيشتري در فضاي داخلي كاخ ها ديده مي شود. مولفه هاي بسياري مانند تركيب بندي داخلي، گچبري، نقاشي، آيينه كاري، تزيينات سنگي و چوبي در كاخ صاحبقرانيه وجود دارد كه قابل مقايسه با تزيينات داخلي معماري روسيه است. هدف اين پژوهش يافتن شباهت ها و تفاوت هاي هنرهاي تزييني معماري داخلي روسيه با هنرهاي تزييني داخل كاخ صاحبقرانيه تهران است. شيوه تحليلي، توصيفي با استفاده از جمع آوري اطلاعات و تحقيق ميداني از كاخ صاحبقرانيه؛ انجام شد كه با توجه به مدارك و اسناد موجود تاكنون پژوهشي در اين زمينه صورت نگرفته و تنها اشاره هاي كوتاهي به كاخ صاحبقرانيه شده است. هنرهاي تزييني معماري داخلي روسيه تحت تاثير كشورهاي اروپايي قرار داشت. معمار ايراني با ذوق و سليقه خود و الهاماتي كه از نقاشي و تركيب بندي كاخ هاي اروپايي و روسي گرفته بود، صاحبقرانيه را بازسازي كرد. بنابراين تاثير هنر روسي در كنار هنرهاي اروپايي در اين كاخ را نمي توان ناديده گرفت.

Consideration to aesthetic sensation and to complying need for food, the first human had painted caves walls. Painting and interior decorative designs had become one of important part of home’s, although king’s palaces; step by step. Consideration between arts, cultures and customs; interior decorative designs of palaces are too difference. With politic relationship, these differences have been changed. Different architecture styles that were impression of center Europe baroque, France & Germany had pursuit with Russia in 18 & 19centaury; but yet all of them saved Russian native features in art works. All the time a grate empire wants show off the power of government to people. Palace constructing in Qajar era went on zenith by Nasereddinshah. After Nasereddinshah traveled to Europe for first time, Iran had noticed to these countries arts. Russia was one of countries that Iran kings wanted to have politic relationship. Nasereddinshah in 1881 had expanded Niavaran building and named Sahebgharanieh. There are many components in Sahebgharanieh palace such as interior composition, stucco & painting that are comparative with Russian’s architecture interior art designs and may be able to find unities between them. The goal of this research is finding if Russian’s architecture interior decorative arts had similarities and differences with Tehran’s Sahebgharanieh palace in Qajar era. About composition, there are similarities between Sahebgharanieh & Russian palaces. By impression of Achaemenian architecture, entered to Europe bilateral stairway; yet come in interior design of Qajar palaces. Stucco is one of important similar component in Sahebgharanieh decorative arts; especially Russian halls. Motives like coronet in Sahebgharanieh halls are similar to Russian army motives whole of Kremlin grate hall, especially Alexandrov & George halls. Korsikhaneh is one on rooms in Sahebgharanieh palace that the stuccoes are colored. In Russian decorative arts the stuccos had been colored especially with gold. One of the most important things that had influence on painting in Qajar era was portrait. There are many similarities between portrait in Qajar era and Russia. But there are differences between culture, habits & customs. Didn’t evident any mirror mosaic in Russian interior decorative arts; but we can count stone embossed and stone designs in differences and similarities. The motives of mirror mosaic in Sahebgharanieh palace are similar with stuccos motives. We can remember Sahebgharanieh’s grilled windows with the style of Katrina’s windows palace; there is one different that Sahebgharanieh’s windows had formed of many little color glass. In this research have done the descriptive and analytic methods in use assembling information of books, papers, dissertations, documents and field research of Sahebgharanieh palace; anybody didn’t write like this paper. Researches just have mentioned to Sahebgharanieh palace. We knew that Russian interior architecture decorative arts had impression by European countries. We achieved that the Sahebgharanieh palace had reconstruction by architect taste, virtue and inspiration of painting, composition & decorative arts of European & Russian palaces. So couldn’t disregarded the Russian art influence’s ashore European arts in sahebgharanieh palace.