چالش‌هاي شناختي در غزليّات سعدي

Cognitive Challenges Used in Saadi’s Qazals

يكي از مقولاتي كه در سروده ها بحث برانگيز است، اعتقاد سراينده به جبر و اختيار است. از آن جاكه شاعر گاهي خود را جبري معرفي مي كند و گاهي قايل به اختيار است، نتيجه گيري را دشوار مي كند. امروزه روان شناسان شناختي با تكيه بر سبك هاي اسنادي، دوگانگي تفكر شاعران را توضيح مي دهند. از ديد روان شناسان، آن كه قايل به جبر است داراي مكان كنترل بيروني( External control )، و آن كه قايل به اختيار است، داراي مكان كنترل دروني(Self control ) است. در اين جستار با استفاده از نظريه سبك هاي اسنادي، سروده هاي مبتني بر جبرگرايي و اختيارگرايي سعدي كاويده مي شود تا مكان كنترل ( Locus of control )سعدي آشكار شود و نه باور او به نحله كلامي خاص. سپس رابطه بين مكان كنترل و شناخت معيوب در سروده‌ها بر اساس نظريه خطاي شناختي (Cognitive errors ) در روان شناسي بررسي مي شود. در اين مقاله سعدي داراي مكان كنترل دروني تشخيص داده شده است. خطاهاي شناختي موجود در ابيات نيز به دو خطاي تفكر دو مقوله اي(Thinking of the two categories) و فاجعه‌سازي ( Catastrophising) محدود مي شود كه از آن دو با عنوان چالش هاي شناختي نام برده شده است.

One of the most important factors which forms the literary content of a poem is the poet’s cognition and views about fatalism or free will. With this approach, drawing a conclusion becomes difficult because sometimes the poet reveals himself as a fatalist and sometimes talks about free will. Nowadays, cognitive psychologists describe poet’s dual approaches according to attributive styles. Psychologists believe that those who stick to fatalism have external control place and those with free will tendency have self control place. Saadi’s cognitive elements in his qazals include the place of internal and external controls as well as the cognitive errors which are the results of his control. The place of everybody’s control shows the person’s self esteem in controlling the events or his belief in destination, chance and uncontrollable factors. Cognitive errors include erroneous beliefs and self-made rules as well as the person’s mistakes. This study tries to prove that Saadi has his control places, and his cognitive errors have not only deviated him but have all been organized and controlled by him. Two cognitive errors which have been analyzed in this study are two-dimensional thought and tragedy creating. In a two-dimensional thought, the poet accepts his beloved with perfect love and passion; there is a perfect love without any defect. Tragedies are resulted from dual thoughts, and that means tragedy because of not having beloved. Since the two mentioned errors have been used by the poet as psychological elements, they have been named cognitive challenges in the present article.