طبيعت شهر رويكرد هويت‌گرا در پارك هوتن شانگهاي

Nature of City Identity Oriented Approaches in Houtan Park in Shanghai

رودها از مهم‌ترين عوامل شكل‌دهنده ريخت شهر و دوام و پايداري زيست آن هستند كه به عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين مولفه‌هاي طبيعي هر شهر نقش مهمي در تداوم هويتي آن بازي مي‌كنند. اين اندام‌هاي طبيعي از زمان صنعتي‌شدن شهرها تا مدت‌هاي طولاني مورد بي‌توجهي قرار ‌مي‌گرفتند و به فضايي آلوده و خالي از زندگي اجتماعي تبديل ‌شدند. در اين ميان در برخي موارد براي برطرف‌كردن آلودگي رودها تصميمات نادرستي از سوي مديران شهري گرفته مي‌شود كه تبعات منفي ناشي از آن پس از مدتي نمود پيدا مي‌كند. نمونه بارز اين برخورد، پوشاندن كامل رودهاي آلوده در شهرهاست. در نتيجه نه تنها نقش رودها در ساختار شهر از بين مي‌رود، بلكه جايگاهشان را نيز در ذهن و خاطرات مردم از دست مي‌دهند. امروز اهميت حضور طبيعت و مولفه‌هاي آن در شهر مديران شهري را به سمت نگاهي متفاوت به اين اندام‌هاي به ظاهر مخرب و تهديدكننده در راستاي بهره‌گيري و باززنده‌سازي اكولوژيك و اجتماعي آنها واداشته است. رودخانه هونگپو در شانگهاي يكي از موفق‌ترين نمونه‌هاي اين برخورد متفاوت با رودخانه‌اي درون شهري است. مشكل بزرگ اين رودخانه، آلودگي بيش از حد آن بود به گونه‌اي كه هيچ موجودي قدرت ادامه حيات نداشت. به اين ترتيب مديريت شهري در پروژه‌هاي مختلف حوزه اين رود از جمله پروژه طراحي پارك هوتن، برطرف كردن و بازگشت نقش اكولوژيك و طبيعي رود در شهر شانگهاي را هدف اصلي خود قرار داد. «كونگ جيان يو» طراح اين پروژه كه به واسطه رويكردهاي ويژه اكولوژيك و زمينه‌گرايانه‌اش شهرتي جهاني دارد، ايجاد پيوندي پايدار ميان مخاطب و بستر طبيعي رود را به عنوان هدف اصلي خود در پروژه در نظر گرفت. در اين راستا براي باززنده‌سازي و احياي رود در شهر و زندگي مردم، از مولفه‌هاي مختلف فرهنگي و خاطره‌اي در مسير رود بهره گرفت.

Rivers are among the main factors in shaping the urban morphology, city’s identity continuity and environmental sustainability. Since the industrialization of the cities, natural features such as rivers were neglected and turned into contaminated places with no sign of life. In some cases, negative consequences were arisen due to inappropriate decisions made by the urban leaders for eliminating the pollution from the rivers by various methods such as covering the contaminated rivers in the city, which caused people forget these natural features which eventually lost their role in urban structures. However, whereas the importance of nature presence has been discovered in modern world, urban leaders are trying to make significant use of the natural sources and their social and environmental rehabilitation. Huangpu River in Shanghai is one of the most successful examples of these types of approaches toward the inner city rivers. The widespread contamination of the river which made it an uninhabitable location for any type of creature was the main problem. Therefore, urban management team implemented the purpose of its various projects (such as Hooton Park) toward the ecological rehabilitation of this river. KoungJian Yu, the project designer who is renowned for his ecological approaches, had a profound understanding of the condition of this river. Apart from solving various challenges of this site, he tried to create a sustainable landscape which reminds people of the Chinese culture and traditional agriculture. He has not forgotten the history of the site and has creates a combination of the tradition and modernity in a very pleasant way by the use of all the industrialized means in the site. Moreover, with these approaches he has also created a place for recreation and leisure activities for the people. Yu’s approaches in landscape projects have had a very significant role in rehabilitation of the city. His main focus is on sustainable development of the site and its surrounding environment. Indeed, he also pays a great deal of attention to the Chinese culture and landscape which causes him prosperity and success in his projects. In Hooton Park project, natural features of the ecosystem were maintained and the connection of human beings with their identity and history was made by the rehabilitation of the nature. This way of thinking and decision making which solves all the various types of issues in an urban environment are the main reasons for the success of this project and its being entitled as 2010 best project by the American Architecture Community.