بررسي تطبيقي «انسان كامل» از نظر ابن عربي و مولوي

A Comparative Study of the “Perfect Man” in Ibn Arabi and Rumi

ابن عربي و مولوي، عارف و شاعر نامدار معاصر يكديگر در قرن هفتم هجريند؛ يكي از ديار غرب جهان اسلام و ديگري از سرزمين شرق آن. اهميت ابن عربي در تنظيم و تدوين و ارايه نظام عرفان نظري اسلامي و نظريه‌پردازي در آن زمينه است كه شعاع تاثيرات تعليمات و افكار وي تاكنون باقي است. اهميت مولوي بجهت بيان مفاهيم عميق عرفاني است كه عمدتاً بصورت شعر بفارسي سروده و مثنوي وي شاهكار و مهمترين اثر عرفاني ادب فارسي است. هردو عارف بزرگ بمباحث اساسي جهانبيني عرفاني، از جمله «انسانشناسي عرفاني» پرداختهاند. جوهره اصلي انسان‌شناسي عرفاني ابن‌عربي، بحث «انسان كامل» است. اين اصطلاح را اول بار خود وي وضع كرد و آن را در آثار مهم خود از جمله در فتوحات مكيه و نيز در نخستين فصّ كتاب فصوصل الحكم بكار برد. پس از وي صدرالدين قونوي- شاگرد و مريد و فرزند همسر اين عربي- در كتاب مفاتيح الغيب خود، آن را تبيين و بتفصيل تشريح كرد. مولوي نيز- بدون كاربرد اصطلاح انسان كامل- در آثار خود، بويژه در مثنوي درباره انسانشناسي عرفاني سخن گفته است. در اين مقاله، با بررسي آثار مهم ابن عربي- بويژه در فتوحات مكيه و فصوص الحكم- و مثنوي مولانا، سعي بر آنست تا با روش بررسي تطبيقي، نظرات مشترك و متفاوت آن دو عارف در بحث انسان كامل به دست آيد و پس از آن درباره راههاي آشنايي آندو و احتمال تاثيرپذيري مولوي از ابن عربي بررسي لازم انجام گيرد.

Ibn Arabi and Rumi were two well-known gnostics and poets who both lived in the 7th century, one from the West and the other from the East of the world of Islam. The significance of Ibn Arabi’s works lies in his developing the system of Islamic theoretical gnosis and theorizing in this field. The effects of his teachings and thoughts have still remained with us until now. However, Rumi’s significance lies in his expressing a number of profound gnostic concepts mainly in the mould of poetry in Persian. His Mathnawi is his masterpiece and the most important gnostic work in the field of Persian literature. Both of these two prominent gnostics dealt with the fundamental issues in the gnostic worldview including “gnostic anthropology”. The essence of Ibn Arabi’s gnostic anthropology is the discussion of the “perfect man”. He coined this term himself and used it in his important works such as in Futuhat al-makkiyyah and in the first chapter of his Fusus al-hikam. After him, Sadr al-Din Qunawi, Ibn Arabi’s student, disciple, and step-son, explained it in detail in his Mafatih al-ghayb. Rumi has also spoken of gnostic anthropology – without using the term “perfect man” – in his works, particularly in Mathnawi. In this paper, through a study of the most important works of Ibn Arabi, particularly Futuhat al-makkiyyah and Fusus al-hikam, and Rumi’s Mathnawi, the writer has tried to compare their ideas concerning the issue of the “perfect man”. He has also tried to examine their similar views and the possibility of Rumi’s having been influenced by Ibn Arabi.