رويارويي اعيان خراسان و ماورا النهر با سياست هاي مالي سامانيان و غزنويان با تاكيد بر سياست هاي مالي ايشان در نيشابور

Confrontation of the Affluent of Khurasan and Transoxianawith the Financial Policies of the Samanids and the Ghaznavids with an Emphasis on their Financial Policies in Nayshabur

سياست هاي مالي در بخش عمده اي از دوره ساماني و نيز سراسر عهد غزنوي ظالمانه بود و در اين دوره، ستم بسياري بر رعايا و به ويژه اعيان زميندار مي رفت. خراج سنگين و ديگر تعدي‌ها و مطالبات مالي در اين دو دوره كه حدود يك سده در خراسان به طول انجاميد، اموال و زمين هاي بسياري از طبقات مختلف مردم به ويژه اشراف را دستخوش چپاول و مصادره ساخت. بررسي سياست هاي مالي در اين دوره نشان مي دهد؛ از زماني در دوره ساماني كه عوايد خراج و برخي قوانين مالياتي نو به سپهسالار و سپاهيان بخشيده شد، تعدي هاي مالي و خراج سنگين و مصادره املاك در خراسان ـ كه از روزگاري كهن وجود داشت ـ شدت گرفت. اين وضع در دوره غزنوي به اوج خود رسيد. اين سياست هاي مالي، بيشتر اعيان يا اشراف ثروتمند را در معرض آسيب قرار داد. نيشابور در دوره ساماني و غزنوي مركز گردآوري خراج (به معناي عام آن: درآمدهاي حكومت) در خراسان به شمار مي رفت؛ از همين رو، مصاديق اين ستم هاي مالياتي بر اشراف و عامه نيشابور بيش از ديگر شهرهاي قلمرو ساماني و غزنوي در منابع نمود يافته است. در اثر اين ستم هاي مالي، اعيان خراسان و ماورا النهر از جمله نيشابور براي سرنگوني اين دو حكومت به تكاپو پرداختند.

Financial policies in major parts of the Samanid era as well as throughout the Ghaznavid period were very tyrannical and in this period much oppression was inflicted upon the subjects and the affluent land owners in particular. Heavy tributes and other financial infringes and demands in this period, which lasted about a century in Khurasan, plundered and confiscated many properties and lands of various classes of people, especially the aristocrats. A survey of the financial policies of this period indicates that since the Sasanid period, when the tribute revenues and certain new taxes were handed over to the commanders in chief and the troopers, the financial aggressions and the heavy tributes and confiscation of properties in Khurasan – which were common since long ago – became more severe. This situation reached its climax in the Ghaznavids period. These financial policies mostly exposed the affluent or the wealthy aristocrats to harm. During the Samanid and Ghgaznavid periods, Nayshabur was regarded as the center for collecting taxes (in its general sense: i.e. state revenues) in Khurasan; therefore, the instances of these financial aggressions to the aristocrats and the general public were reflected in the sources more in Khurasan than in other cities ruled by the Samanids and Ghaznavids. Due to these financial tyrannies, the Affluent of Khurasan and Transoxiana, including Nayshabur, sought to topple these two rules.