پديد آورندگان :
ميرحيدر، دره نويسنده , , غلامي، بهادر نويسنده ,
كليدواژه :
كارتوگرافي قوميت , قوميت , نقشه , ايران
چكيده فارسي :
قوميت يكي از مباحث اساسي و كليدي در جغرافياي سياسي محسوب مي‌شود كه مهمترين ابزار جهت نشان دادن پراكنش فضايي آن، نقشه است. در اين بين محققان و مراكز مطالعاتي زيادي در داخل و خارج كشور به ترسيم نقشه‌هايي از موقعيت فضايي قوميت‌هاي ايران پرداخته‌اند. هدف از اين تحقيق كه بر اساس روش توصيفي- تحليلي نگارش يافته است، بررسي انتقادي نقشه‌هاي قوميت در ايران است. نتايج تحقيق نشان مي‌دهد اين نقشه‌ها، به‌دليل عدم توجه به سرشماري‌هاي صورت گرفته كشور به بحث قوميت‌ها و در نتيجه نبود آمارهاي دقيق قوميتي نتوانسته‌اند توزيع فضايي قوميت را در ايران به‌خوبي نشان دهند چرا كه اكثر ترسيم‌كنندگان (بويژه ترسيم‌كنندگان داخلي)، كشور را از اين لحاظ به‌صورت مركز و پيرامون نشان داده‌اند. مركزي كه قسمت اعظم فضاي نقشه‌ها را شامل گشته و بازو‌ها و زبانه‌هاي آن به حاشيه كشور كشيده شده است. ترسيم نادرست پراكنش فضايي اقوام، به تصوير نكشيدن تنوع واقعي قوميت‌ها و گسترده‌تر نشان دادن بيش از حد موقعيت و فضاي بعضي از اقوام نسبت به ساير قوميت‌ها از جمله مهمترين نقايص اين نقشه-هاست. اين نحوه كارتوگرافي قوميتي خود عاملي است كه موجب حساسيت‌هاي زيادي براي اقوام كشور مي‌شود و به امنيتي شدن مسيله اقوام مي‌انجامد. در حالي‌كه نقشه به‌عنوان يك ابزار مهم براي نماد نگاري ملي، خود مي‌تواند در تبديل كردن تهديدات مسيله اقوام به فرصت، نقش بسيار مهمي را ايفا كند.
چكيده لاتين :
Extended Abstract
Introduction
Ethnicity is one of the essential issues of political geography. According to Rolan Breton, if political geography fails to give priority to the role of ethnicities and if it fails to recognize their existence, then it will not be more than an empty frame or a blank picture because ethnicities and people are the real actors of history and the creators of states (Breton, 2001:99). Maps have an important role in realizing ethnicities, finding their location in the Earth and forming the imagined geography of human kinds.
Iran has several ethnic groups that have lived with each other throughout history. There is no official statistics about ethnicities and their spatial distributions. Many maps that have been drawn and which show the distribution of ethnicities in Iran each shows ethnicities and their spaces differently. There are no two similar maps about ethnic groups of Iran. Considering the fact that maps affect our mental images and form our behavior, this research investigates the maps of ethnicities of Iran with a critical view.
Methodology
The research methodology adopted is descriptive-analytical method that follows to scrutinize map of ethnicity distribution of Iran with a critical view. From this point of view, maps with a selective form and special purposes show special distribution of phenomena. The data gathering procedure is library and internet findings. In addition, some data are collected through interviewing with some M.A and Ph.D students.
Discussion
Ethnicity Mapping is the mapping of aspects of ethnicity such as religion, language, nationality, and culture. Berghaus for the first time developed ethnicity mapping in 19th century atlases. However, at first US mapping administration used ethnicity mapping based on statistical data in mapping of borders for the Paris Peace Conference. In many modern censuses, data are gathered about distribution of religions, languages, ethnicities and nationalities within small geographical units. Then, results can be published in the form of Ethnicity maps.
There are many ethnicities in Iran who have lived in this geographical space throughout history. Iranʹs ethnic diversity makes us to name Iran as a multi- ethnic society. Because there is no information about ethnic groups in Iran’s consensus, many researchers and research organizations have compiled maps of spatial distribution of Iran’s ethnicities based on their mentality and data. These maps show location and distribution of Iran’s ethnic groups inaccurately. In this research, we investigate 10 maps of ethnic groups that were drawn by political geography professors with a critical view. Research findings show that these maps have two main deficiencies. First, they neglect some ethnic groups like Lur and show Fars, Turks, Kurds, Baluch(s), Arabs and Turkmen as the main ethnic groups of Iran. Second, they refer to inaccurate portrait of special distribution of Iran’s ethnic groups.
Conclusion
Due to political sensitivity, there are no reliable and official data available about populations and spatial distribution of Iran’s ethnic groups. This matter makes maps of ethnic groups not to show spatial distribution of ethnic groups, accurately. Because of lack of ethnicity data, these maps cannot show spatial distribution of ethnic groups, accurately, and most of cartographers have inadvertently divided the country into a central and a peripheral area. The central area, which covers the greater part of the map, has been allocated to the ethnic group of Fars. Inaccurate mapping of spatial distribution of ethnic groups, neglecting real diversity of ethnic groups and showing the area of some ethnic groups greater than the others are the main deficiencies of these maps. This mapping causes sensitivity about ethnic groups. However, map as an important means to national symbolization, can play a prominent role in turning ethnic groups as a threat to opportunity.
