فرنگي‌سازي در باغ ايراني دگرگوني‌هاي باغ‌هاي تهران در دهه 1300 قمري

Europeanization in Persian Garden Transformations of Tehran Gardens in decades of 1300 AH

در انتهاي سده 13 ه‌.ق و طي دهه اول سده 14 ه‌.ق شكل و نقشه باغ‌هاي تهران تغيير كرد و نوعي باغ با نام پارك ايجاد شد. بررسي باغ‌ها در يك دهه پيش از اين رويداد نشان مي‌دهد شكل باغ‌ها كماكان با باغ‌هاي اصيل قاجاري تهران هم‌خواني داشته و در عين حال برخي تغييرات در باغباني و آرايش گياهان آغاز شده است. تغييرات وسيعي كه به تغيير شكل باغ‌ها انجاميد در باغ‌شاه و پس از آن در پارك‌هاي امين‌الدوله، ظل‌السلطان و امين‌السلطان كه غالباً طي دهه 1300 ه.ق ساخته شدند قابل مشاهده است. اين باغ‌ها اجزاي جديدي مانند درياچه و عناصر تزييني مانند مجسمه داشتند و نحوه كاشت و آرايش گياهان به ويژه گل‌ها در آنها به كلي تغيير كرده بود. در عين حال نمي‌توان در دوره‌هاي پيشين و قبل از دهه 1280 ه.ق ريشه‌هاي اين دگرگوني را جستجو كرد. اين باغ‌هاي نو، با روابط جديدي قابل مقايسه‌اند كه پيش از دهه 1300 ه.ق چندان معمول نبود. ميل و علاقه به پرورش گياهان و به ويژه گلكاري‌هايي كه اخيراً شكل گرفته بود مي‌توانست نوعي منظرسازي را تعريف كند كه با منظر درون باغ‌هاي رسمي تفاوت داشت. اين منظرسازي‌ها بيش از هرچيز نتيجه باغباني جديد و زيبايي تركيب‌هاي تصويري ايجادشده توسط گياهان بودند.

This study intends to clear the aspects and characters of the late period of garden making in Tehran from 1882 to 1894. The gardens of this short period offer a variety of samples which are different from traditional gardens of Iran in forms and layouts. This study will focus on the conversion and evolution of the gardens based on the changes in plants and gardening style. The converted style in gardening and horticulture found new characters since the end of 19th century and appeared as a novel result called park. 130 years of garden building in Qajarid Tehran has undergone several stages. The studied period is a part of the last stage and its result has been occasionally called park instead of garden. The beginning of the last stage was started just before 1882. To show off the mentioned details and new arrangements, which was formed on the basis of European gardening and horticulture, the linear spatial structure in the main patterns was replaced by a complex of elegant views picturesquely. The new landscapes, which were less formal than the former layouts, were compatible with the aristocracy that had been formed at the end of the reign of Naser al-dinShah. These views helped for a better presentation of the beauty made by ornamental or ornamented plants. Some new features were also added to the traditional gardens: curvy pathways to change directions and make various views, ponds, sculptures and most importantly flowerbeds which formed based on European floriculture. These elements, their evolution and beauty can clear that the new gardens and parks might follow the European gardens from an aesthetic viewpoint which could be perceived by aristocrats and nobles. In other words the garden makers in Tehran have not been attracted by the layout or general concept of the European garden but the beauty of new arrangement of plants and especially flowers. This fascination revived an old attachment to floriculture in new age.