اثبات وحدت حقّه و نفي وحدت عددي خداوند در پرتو عقل و نقل

Affirmation of True Unity and Negation of Numerical Unity of God in light of Reason and Tradition

توحيد ذاتي داراي دو شعبه است: الف) بساطت و نفي جز (احديت)؛ ب) نفي شريك (واحديت). برداشت غالب متكلمين و فلاسفه پيش از شيخ اشراق(ره) و صدرالمتالهين(ره) از واحديت خداوند، وحدت عددي بوده و دست‌كم به حقيقت وحدت حقّه واجبيه واجب‌الوجود تصريح نكرده‌اند. مطابق آيات، روايات و براهين عقلي، وحدت خداوند از سنخ وحدت عددي نيست؛ زيرا وحدت عددي چند ويژگي دارد: 1. امكان فرض تكثّر؛ 2. امكان وقوع تكثّر؛ 3..محدوديت وجودي و ماهيت‌داري؛ 4. انتفا معيت با همه اشيا و انتفا احاطه قيوّمي به همه اشيا؛ 5. فقدان كمالات همه اشيا؛ 6. اتّصاف‌پذيري به قلّت. بنابراين چون اين ويژگي‌ها در ذات الهي موجود نيستند، وحدت خداوند وحدت عددي نيست. وحدت حقّه واجبيه و نفي وحدت عددي از واجب‌الوجود با تمسّك به دو برهان «بسيط الحقيقهْْ كل الاشيا » كه توسط صدرالمتالهين(ره) و برهان «صرف الشيي لايتثنّي و لايتكرّر» كه توسط شيخ اشراق(ره) پي‌افكنده شده، قابل اثبات است.

Unity of the Divine Essence falls into two categories: a) one as being simple or indivisible, composed of nothing; (unicity; absolute oneness) and b) the other as Being with no partner or like (unity). Most of the Pre-Suhrawardi and Pre-Sadrian theologians and philosophers have thought of the Unity of the Divine Essence as a numerical unity. At least, they did not make explicit references to the theory of the true unity of the Nessassary Being. According to the Qurʹanic verses, traditions and rational proofs, the unity of God is not a numerical unity of some kind, for numerical unity has the following characteristics: 1) it is theoretically possible for it to multiply; 2) it is practically possible for it to multiply; 3) it has essence and is existentiality limited; 4) it cannot coexist with all other things and it cannot encompass them sovereignly; 5) it lacks qualities of all other things; 6) it can be predicated by littleness. Since these characteristics do not inhabit the Divine Essence, the unity of God is not numerical. To affirm the true unity of God and to negate His numerical unity, one can have recourse to two proofs, i.e. ‘a simple reality includes all other realities’ proposed by Mull? Sadr? and ‘ a thing per se does not multiply’ suggested by Suhrawardi.