چكيده لاتين :
Social development is a phenomenon having close relationship with ways and how the
people live in a society. The main goal of social development is to upgrade the levels of
general livings’ status by creating preferred conditions based on accepted values.Focuses
must be on: Reducing poverty and improving the qualities of Nutrition, Hygiene, Housing,
Occupation, Education and fruitful spare time. Also it is a path for continuing to upgrade
the effective values in the selected society and improving the social system for using
nature’s potentials and developing the quality of social relations for providing conditions
for Individual growth in different dimensions of human life and redistributing human roles
for justice and social security indexes. It is important to know the upgrading and
downgrading factors of social development in order to empower the positive and
weakening negative factors.The objectives of the research has been to determine these
factors in Karaj county and formulate some suggestions.
Methodology
An applied, descriptive and analytical research using surveying method has been in
concern. Based on Cochran’s formula the sample size has been 150 persons. Statistical
population was 6354 male and female of rural households of Karaj County. Proportional
stratified sampling method has been used to select the villages and simple random sampling
was used for selecting the individuals. A researcher’s made questionnaire was constructed
and the reliability was determined by using Cronbach’s Alpha.(over 0.7). Expert opinions
have been used for validating the questionnaire. For data processing SPSS computer
software has been used. Statistical design included determining central tendencies and
factor analysis.
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Results
Based on the results 52% (78 persons) were male and 48% (72 persons) were female. Their
mean of the age was 46 years, minimum age 23 years, and the maximum age 76 years. 44%
of respondents were farmers, 32.7% horticulturists, 23.3% livestock breeders, and 14% of
them in addition to agriculture had a job outside the farm. 20% were illiterate, 10% of them
were only able to read and write, 37.3% had primary school’s education and, 12.7% having
middle school’s certificates, 13.3% having high school’s diploma and 2% didn’t complete
their high school’s study, 1.4% were junior college’s graduates, and 3.3% of them having a
bachelor degree.
In the study of social development’s upgrading factors using factorial analysis technique, 8
factors pinpointed having specific value of higher than 1 naming:‘Environment’ with the
value of 3.56 ( explaining 16.17% of the varience). ‘Transportation’ with the value of 2.28
(10.37%), ‘Women employment’ with the value of 2.12 (9.66%), ‘Communication’ with
the value of 2.09, (9.53%), ‘Social solidarity’ with the value of 1.89 (8.6%), ‘Family
relationships’ with the value of 1.69 (7.69%), ‘Asking others for help’ with the value of
1.37, (6.24%), and finally ‘Interest in work’with the value of 1.25 (5.69%) which the sum
of them explained the total varience equal to 73.97% . Downgrading factors of social
development were 6 factors naming : ‘Traditional hygiene’ with the value of 2.29
explaining 14.36%, ‘Lack of feeling need for education’ with the value of 1.9 (11.92%),
‘Not feeling secure’ with the value of 1.8 (11.25%), ‘distrust regarding others’ with the
value of 1.6 (10%), ‘Negative self-reliance’ with the value of 1.57 (9.84%) and finally,
‘Self-introversion’ with the value of 1.29 (8.11%) which sum of them explained a total
varience of 65.51%.
Conclusion
Based on factor analysis, the most important upgrading factor was ‘to keep clean the
environment’ (more than 80%) confirmed by studies of Anderson & Keoleian(2008),
Matsui(2004) and Ghai, Hopkins & McGranahan(1988), but in practice, they do not keep
the environment clean. One suggestion is to conduct related workshops. The second factor
was ‘Transportation’ confirmed by Lashkari (2008). A suggestion for improving
transportation, is to improve the qualities of services and the quanteties of public
transportation by private sector in oriented contracts. The third factor was ‘Women
employment’ which (more than 70 %) agree with women’s occupation, in the research by
Karimi (2005) is specifically referred to, and in the researches by Lashkari (2008), Kosari
(2008), Ahmadi (2007), Moeeni (2003), UN (2009), Anderson & Keoleian (2008), Todaro
(2006), and Jackson (2002), the employment is generally referred to as one of the social
development components, therefore it would be wise to facilitate women’s occupations
through cooperatives and self-employments. The fourth factor is ‘Communication’
confirmed by Anabestani & Vaziri (2011), Hajinejad, Noori & Fazlali (2011), Kosari
(2008), and Ghai, Hopkins & McGranahan (1988). One suggestion would be to use mass
media and provide investment to improve ICT services. Social solidarity, family
relationships, asking others for help, and interest in work were the other social
development’s promoting factors, respectively. The most downgrading factor was
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‘Traditional hygiene’. In general hygiene is important for social development and in the
studies by Rezaee Eskandari (2010), Lashkari (2008), Kosari (2008), Rezaee (2007),
Ahmadi (2007), Karimi (2005), HajiEbrahimzadeh (2004), Moeeni (2003), UN (2009),
Anderson & Keoleian (2008), Jackson (2002), Estes (2000), and Ghai, Hopkins &
McGranahan (1988), has been confirmed as essential.The suggestion is to increase the
number of quality services offered by the specialists and improve the health facilities. ‘Lack
of feeling need for education’ was the second downgrading factor. More education has
been confirmed by the studies of Rezaee Eskandari (2010), Kosari (2008), Lashkari (2008),
Ahmadi (2007), Rezaee (2007), Karimi (2005), HajiEbrahimzadeh (2004), UN (2009),
Anderson & Keoleian (2008), Matsui (2004), Estes (2000), Jackson (2002) and Ghai,
Hopkins & McGranahan (1988), therefore more investment for better education and
extension activities can be recommended. ‘Not feeling secure’ is the third downgrading
factor in social development. Research findings by Pourtaheri, Sojasi Qidari, & Sadeghloo
(2010), Lashkari (2008), Rezaee (2007), Ahmadi (2007), Hajiebrahimzadeh (2004), Moeeni
(2003), and Todaro (2006), indicats that security has been known as a necessary element
for social development. So it is important to keep the level of feeling secure for doing
regular activities. Other downgrading factors were distrust regarding others, negative selfreliance
and self-introversion, respectively
