بررسي و مقايسه سبك و آداب نامه نگاري در دستورالكاتب و زبده الفوايد

Investigation and Comparing Letter-writing Rules in Dastur-ol Katib and Zobdat-ol Fawayed

ترسل و انشا يكي از گونه‏هاي نثر است كه در تاريخ ادب فارسي از رواج و اهميت فراواني برخوردار بوده است. در خصوص اين نوع ادبي از دوره ساسانيان تاكنون آثار متعددي به وجود آمده. و به تبع آن كتابهايي نيز در آموزش آداب كتابت و انشا چه به صورت مستقل و چه به صورت كلي و عمومي نوشته شده‏اند. مقاله حاضر از ميان آثار متعدد در زمينه آموزش كتابت و انشا به بررسي و مقايسه دو اثر آموزشي در اين زمينه يعني «دستورالكاتب» از محمد نخجواني در قرن هشتم هجري و نسخه خطي «زبده‏الفوايد» از معلم تبريزي در عهد قاجار ‏پرداخته و هر دو اثر را از نظر تقسيم‏بندي، نامگذاري و ترتيب درج نامه‏ها، شكل و اركان كلي نامه‏ها، ذكر تاريخ كتابت در نامه‏ها و ويژگيهاي سبكي نامه‏ها مورد بررسي و مقايسه قرار داده است. و اين كه در اين دو اثر كه در دو دوره متفاوت نوشته شده اند از نظر ارايه سبك و آداب نامه نگاري چه تفاوتهايي وجود دارد؟ و دو اثر چه اركان و شرايطي براي نگارش انواع نامه ها بخصوص نامه هاي اداري و رسمي بيان كرده اند؟ نخجواني در ارايه آداب كتابت به شيوه غيرآموزشي و غيردرسي و به عبارتي، كلي عمل كرده بدين صورت كه پس از بيان مقدمه‏اي در خصوص آداب مكاتبه، نامه‏ها را براساس مراتب كاتب و مكتوب‏اليه در چهار مرتبه رتبه‏بندي كرده سپس يك شكل و چارچوب كلي در ابتداي نامه‏هاي هر مرتبه بيان كرده است. و نمونه هايي هم در هر مرتبه براي هر نوعي ارايه كرده است. حال آنكه معلم تبريزي به شيوه متداول عصر خود يعني به روش آموزشي و درسي عمل كرده بدين صورت كه نامه‏ها را براساس مرسل و مرسل‏اليه به ده قسم تقسيم كرده و براي هر قسم نام خاصي معين كرده سپس اركان و شرايط خاص و مفصلي براي تك‏تك اقسام دهگانه بطور جداگانه بيان كرده است و در نهايت چند نمونه نامه هم براي هر قسم با رعايت اركان و شرايط مذكور آورده است.

Letter-writing and composition is a type of prose which attracts a great importance and prevalence in the history of Persian literature. There have been numerous compilations in this literal style from Sassanid period to now. And hence, there have been books published to train writing and composing rules either as an independence subject or in general. Among numerous compilations with subject of writing and composing rules, this article is to investigate and compare two training compilations in the field, i.e. “Dastur-ol Katib” by Mohammad Nakhjavani from Eighth Hegira century and handwritten manuscript of “Zobdat-ol favayed” by Moaleme Tabrizi from Qajar Dynasty period. Both books are studied and compared considering their divisions, naming and order of letters insertion, form and main elements of the letters, mentioning the date of writing in the letters, and stylistic properties of the letters. Nakhjavani has presented the rules of writing in a non-training or non-educational manner as a general approach; i.e. after stating an introduction about rules of letter-writing to the kings, the instruments of writers and appropriate time and place for writing, he has divided the letters to four categories according to the ranks of letter receiver and writer: 1- the letters which have been written among the kings, their descendents and nobilities; 2- the letters which have been written among realm authorities as ministers, commanders and etc; 3- the letters which have been written among common people; and 4- the joint letters which have been written among the kings, ministers, government authorities and people. Then, without presenting the composing styles of letter types, he has stated a single general framework and form at the beginning of each category, except the fourth category. That is, the letters are initiated with titles of receiver and a prayer suitable to the receiver’s dignity. After titles and prayers, it is the contents and conditions that the letter is written with that certain purpose; and the final part is a brief prayer-like sentence, usually in Persian. But in the fourth category, as the letters are mutual, the general framework and form is not drafted at the beginning of category, instead, each letter has a special opening and closing in accordance with the rank of writer and receiver. Moaleme Tabrizi has acted as his contemporaries and has written the book in a training and educational manner; i.e. he has stated the essence of secretary, different kinds of secretaries and the merits requirement of secretaryship. Then he has divided the letters to ten classes according to the letter receiver and writer and assigned a certain name for every class, and then, he has explained distinct elements and special terms of each of the ten classes separately in details. After stating the elements and terms, he has mentioned a brief instance for each category while distinguishing the elements exactly in the given instance. Finally, he has introduces some letters as examples of the certain letter class, observing the related elements and terms.