انشاي فعلي نكاح؛ جستاري در عدم مشروعيت

Present Declaration of Marriage, a Research in Illegitimacy

اگرچه بسياري از معاملات، با معاطات نيز محقق مي‌گردد، فقيهان شيعه و سنّي بر اين باورند كه ايجاب و قبول لفظي در عقد نكاح، از شروط صحت آن است. همچنين، قانون مدني در مادّه 1062 به تبعيت از نظر مشهور، ايجاب و قبول لفظي را در نكاح پذيرفته است؛ از اين رو، نوشتار حاضر كاوشي فقهي ـ حقوقي در امكان‌سنجي ازدواج معاطاتي و دلايل صحت و سقم آن خواهد بود. رهاورد اين پژوهش از رهگذر داوري در مستندات بحث، انصراف ادله يا قصور آن از اثبات نفوذ نكاح معاطاتي در مرحله اقتضاست. وانگهي! از جهت مانع نيز ادله اجتهادي بر بداهت بطلان آن دلالت داشته، بر فرض تنزل، مقتضاي دليل فقاهتي، استصحاب عدم تحققِ سبب صحيح شرعي با انشاي فعلي نكاح است.

Though many transactions are realized through mutual surrender (mu’atat) as well, Sunni and Shi’i jurists are of the opinion that one of the conditions for the contract of marriage to be right is verbal offer and acceptance. Also, the Article 1062 of the Civil Code, following the well-known opinion, has accepted offer and acceptance in words in the contract of marriage. Thus, the present writing is a juridical-legal study about feasibility of a marriage which is based on the mutual surrender and reasons that why it may be right or wrong. The product of this study which is based on the judgment about documents of discussion is that reasons introduced fail to prove enforcement of a marriage which is based on mutual surrender in the stage of occasion. In addition, the inferential (ijtihadi) reasons show that it is evidently wrong. And even if decline is assumed, what that is required by juridical reasons is that the existing status (non-realization of the right religious cause by the present declaration of marriage) should be maintained.