بررسي شيوه هاي آموزش و ترويج دانش بومي معماري روستايي (نمونه موردي: استان سيستان و بلوچستان)

Study of Education and Extension Methods of Indigenous Knowledge of Rural Architecture (Case Study: Systan and Balouchestan Province)

از وظايف اساسي تعريف شده در فلسفه و اهداف سيستم ترويج و آموزش كشاورزي ايران كمك به بهبود معاش روستاييان و حفظ فرهنگ بومي در مناطق روستايي كشور مي باشد. دستيابي به اين امر برپايه سه زيربناي اساسي مكتب آموزشي ترويج يعني ايجاد و گسترش آموزش مداوم و مورد نياز مردم، كمك به ايجاد و گسترش حس همياري در روستاييان و گسترش روحيه خود اتكايي در آن-ها مي باشد. در بينش غالب توسعه تا دهه 1960 و اوايل دهه 1970 ميلادي، تمام چيزهاي سنتي و بومي در كشورهاي در حال توسعه بد و نكوهيده شمرده مي شد كه مي بايست بدون هيچگونه سوال و مطالعه اي جاي خود را به چيزهاي نو و جديد وارداتي از جهان پيشرفته غرب مي دادند ولي در چند دهه اخير توجه به نقش و اهميت دانش بومي در مباحث توسعه درونزاي اين كشورها بيشتر شده است. در اين راستا دانش بومي موجود در معماري مناطق كويري ايران و به ويژه بيابان هاي خشك و كويري منطقه سيستان و بلوچستان مي تواند راهگشاي برنامه ريزان و سياست گذاران توسعه روستايي ايران در راستاي رشد و توسعه پايدار نواحي روستايي در اين مناطق گردد و موجب حفظ فرهنگ بومي و محلي و ارزش هاي معماري سنتي منطقه سيستان و بلوچستان شود و در جلب توريست و گسترش صنعت گردشگري و كمك به اقتصاد منطقه از طريق ايجاد اشتغال و صرفه جويي در منابع و نهاده ها در ساخت مسكن روستايي و شهري كمك زيادي بنمايد. در اين راستا نويسنده در اين مقاله به معرفي اجمالي معماري سنتي روستايي و ابعاد گوناگون معماري سنتي در بيابان هاي خشك و كويري در منطقه سيستان و بلوچستان و مولفه هاي تاثير گذار بر آن همچون زندگي روستايي، كشاورزي، بيابان، فرهنگ عامه و شرايط اقليمي منطقه و ... مي پردازد و در انتها به بيان نتايج و ارايه پيشنهادهايي در راستاي استفاده از شيوه هاي آموزشي و ترويجي مناسب براي تداوم ارزش هاي معماري سنتي در منطقه سيستان و بلوچستان مي پردازد.

Extension education is an applied behavioral science, the knowledge of which is applied to bring about desirable changes in the behavioral complex of human beings usually through various strategies and programs of change and by applying the latest scientific and technological innovations to the villagers through the process of informal education. In the dominant outlook of development until 1960s and beginning of the 1970s all of the traditions and indigenous knowledge in developing countries considered as badly and unnecessary things that must be without any question and study, replace with imported knowledge from developed countries. But from that time to present, increasing attention paid to role and importance of indigenous knowledge in internal development issues in these countries. Composition in traditional architecture in deserted regions in previous long centuries, remove problems and difficulties in climate in a naturally form. Despite extensive planning on rural housing in the recent years in Iran and the huge budget allocated to this concern, the trend of rural housing construction has not been satisfactory, according to the expertsʹ views. This lack of desirability would concern different dimensions of the problem, from fulfillment of physical and non-material needs of the rural settlers to retaining identity of their settlements and maintaining their historical continuation. Efforts taken in the development of rural housing have mostly been one-dimensional and lack of multi-lateral conception and holistic general program that doesn’t consider different aspects effective on formation of rural housing. Systan and Baluchistan province is one of the deserted regions in Iran. It had a valuable traditional Persian architecture and adjusted to desert regions in its rural areas. In this regard available indigenous knowledge in traditional Persian architecture of desert regions and specially drought and desert regions of this province can help break an impasse for planners and policy makers of development in Iran for sustainable rural development in these regions, and will cause maintaining indigenous and local culture and values of traditional architecture in this province, also absorbing tourists, developing its industry and helping to economy of region by job-creating and economizing in resources and inputs in making rural and urban house building. The aim of this article is to know the influential factors on development of rural housing in the Systan and Baluchistan province and to evaluate them relative to each other. For this purpose, the factors effective on development process of rural housing in this province identified. This article, has discussed various aspects in indigenous knowledge in Persian architecture and adjusted to desert regions in its rural regions of Systan and Baluchistan province and state how to use extension education’s appropriate approaches for continuing traditional Persian architecture in rural regions of this province, and finally present conclusions and recommendations in this regard.