بازشناخت تجربيات معماري بومي در جنوب خراسان، جهت حفاظت و مرمت معماري خشتي

فنون ساده و در ظاهر پيش پا افتاده اجرايي در معماري سنتي، نكات فني و كاربردي بسياري را به همراه دارند كه تحقيقهاي متفاوتي را از سوي پژوهشگران مي طلبد. بررسي نكات اجرايي ساختارهاي خشتي، بر اساس داشته هاي بومي در جنوب خراسان و قابليت آن ها براي استفاده در حفاظت و مرمت ديگر ساختارهاي خشتي ايران، موضوعي است كه در اين مقاله به آن پرداخته مي شود. بزرگترين منبع اطلاعات معماري هر منطقه، معماران بومي همان منطقه خواهند بود، زيرا ساخت معماري به واسطه شرايط متغير مواد و مصالح، ساختار زمين شناسي و اقليمي مي تواند داراي ظريف كاريهايي باشد كه جز در ذهن معمار بومي در جايي نگاشته نشده و جامعه معماري و سازه ايران، اندك اندك در حال از دست دادن اين اطلاعات ارزشمند است. جهت دستيابي به اين مهم، اين مقاله تلاش نموده از طريق مصاحبه مستقيم با معماران بومي باتجربه بتواند بخشي از اين دانش را حفاظت و قابل انتقال نمايد. براي اين منظور پس از بررسي هاي ميداني و شناسايي معماران سنتي باتجربه در منطقه جنوب خراسان و همچنين تنظيم پرسشنامه، با مراجعه حضوري، مصاحبه با 8 نفر از معماران سنتي، انجام و نتايج حاصل از آن‌ها جمع آوري و تجزيه و تحليل گرديد. بررسي حاضر در قالب يك پژوهش كاربردي- توسعه اي و با تكيه بر روش‌هاي تركيبي (توصيفي، پيمايشي و ميداني اكتشافي) انجام شده و روش اصلي يافته اندوزي نيز با تكيه بر مطالعات ميداني انجام پذيرفته است. تجزيه و تحليل انجام شده نيز از نوع تحليل محتوا بوده كه در آخر به صورت خلاصه شده در قالب توصيه هايي براي حفاظت و مرمت بنا هاي خشتي مورد توجه قرار گرفته اند. با توجه به نتايج حاصل، آموزه هاي معماري و تجربيات معماران بومي، قابليت به روز شدن براي اقدامات مرمتي امروزه را داشته و توصيه‌هايي مفيد را ارايه مي دهند كه توجه به آن‌ها در مواجهه حفاظتي و مرمتي موجب ضمان و بقاي بناهاي خشتي خواهد شد.

Earthen architecture and usage of different building techniques is found all around the world where architectural richness and various building cultures may be taken into consideration. The widespread and high capacity of earthen architecture from the past to the present, have provided the ability for construction of various types of buildings such as rural houses, government headquarters, religious buildings and even complete city with earthen material. In this study, Iran is considered as one of the oldest countries which have used earthen architecture, the method which has unfortunately been forgotten for many years in the contemporary architecture. Revival and recognition of it can provide valuable lessons to meet our todayʹs requirements in the field of earthen architecture. Simple and commonplace techniques of traditional architecture could provide many technical and practical applications which can be studied and used for conservation of contemporary earthen architecture. Therefore, by doing a survey of these practical aspects of earthen architecture, based on the local know-how in the South of Khorasan, and their potential efficiencies in conservation and restoration of other earthen structures, is the focus of this paper. Primarily the main architectural resources in any region seem to be the local architects of these places. This is because the architectural construction is subject to the different conditions of materials, climatic and geological features and may have intricacies which is in the mind of the local architect and not recorded anywhere else. The problem is that as long as this local knowledge is not recorded anywhere except in the minds of the local architects, the general knowledge of this filed is gradually fading away and we seem to be moving towards losing this invaluable type of information. To deal with this problem, this study intends to contribute to preserve parts of this knowledge and pass it forward through having had many of these local veteran architects directly interviewed. For this purpose, field studies were carried out, some questionnaires were prepared and experienced traditional architects of the region were identified and eight of them were interviewed and the results have been collected and analyzed. The analysis of this study has been carried out within an applicable-developmental research based on a combined method (descriptive, measuring, field research). Moreover, the content analysis of the results is presented as recommendations for conservation and restoration of adobe buildings. It is worth saying that these recommendations have been presented according to the subject in direct relationship with the result of interviews and are tried to be classified and categorized in the fields of conservation and restorations. Eventually, according to the results, the lessons learned from architecture and experiences of local architects which are considered to be the important part, have the capacity to be upgraded for contemporary restoration measures and can provide useful and practical recommendations that if paid attention will cause guaranty and conservation of adobe buildings.