بررسي شيوه‌ها و سياست‌هاي مديريت مرز‌ها و نقش آن در امنيت مرز نمونه موردي: مرزهاي شرقي ايران(خراسان رضوي – افغانستان)

(A Survey of Border Management Policies and Methodologies, and Their Role in Border Security with an Emphasis Iranian Eastern Borders (Khorasan Razavi province - Afghanistan

مرز سياسي به پديده‌اي فضايي اطلاق مي‌شود كه منعكس كننده قلمرو حاكميت يك دولت بوده و مطابق قواعد خاص در مقابل حركت انسان، انتقال كالا يا نشر افكار و .... مانع ايجاد مي‌كند. به اعتقاد بيشتر صاحب نظران، اولين و مهم‌ترين كاركرد مرز، كاركرد دفاعي- امنيتي آن است و دغدغه اصلي حكومت‌ها اين است كه مرزهاي كشورها جز در برخي گذرگاه‌هاي مجاز غير قابل نفوذ باشد تا امنيت كشور از ابعاد مختلف سياسي، نظامي، اقتصادي و اجتماعي– فرهنگي مورد تهديد واقع نشود. يكي از مهم‌ترين عوامل موثر بر امنيت مرزها، سياست‌هاي كنترل و مديريت مرزهاي بين‌المللي است. كشورهاي مختلف متناسب با ويژگي‌هاي خود ممكن است سياست مرزهاي بسته، باز و يا كنترل شده را انتخاب كنند و پيرو آن از طرح ها، شيوه ها، اقدامات و تجهيزات متفاوتي نيز براي نظارت و كنترل موثر مرزهاي خود بهره بگيرند. در بين مرزهاي ايران و همسايگان، مرزهاي شرقي ايران و افغانستان به دليل وجود شرايط خاص همچون بي‌ثباتي سياسي و فقدان چتر حاكميتي فراگير در افغانستان، ترددهاي غير قانوني اتباع مهاجر، قاچاقچيان و اشرار، حضور و فعاليت گروه‌هاي مسلح تروريستي همچون طالبان و القاعده و كارتل هاي مواد مخدر و... از جمله مناطق ناامن محسوب شده و تا كنون تلاش‌هاي متعددي از سوي مقامات و نهادهاي مسوول براي كنترل اين مرزها صورت گرفته است. در اين پژوهش، سياست‌ها و روش‌هاي كنترل و مديريت مرز در طول مرزهاي شرقي(خراسان رضوي و افغانستان) مورد بررسي و ارزيابي قرار گرفته است. گردآوري اطلاعات به شيوه كتابخانه‌اي و ميداني انجام شده و اطلاعات با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Spss و با روش توصيفي- تحليلي مورد تجزيه وتحليل قرار گرفته است. نتايج به‌دست‌آمده حاكي از آن است كه سياست‌ها و شيوه‌هاي كنترل و مديريت مرز در طول مرزهاي خراسان رضوي و افغانستان نقش موثري در كنترل و نفوذناپذيري مرز داشته است.

Extended abstract 1- Introduction Controlling and supervising borders is one of the most significant issues concerning international borders, especially in unstable and unsafe regions. Appropriate supervision and imposing control on borders has attracted government attention throughout history, due to its important role in national security (Glassner 2004: 80); The Great Wall of China, Hadrianʹs wall, and Golestanʹs wall, etc, provide some evidence corroborating this claim. Different types of electronic devices are currently used alongside more traditional methods, for this purpose in the present time. Nevertheless, in some parts of the world, imposing optimal control over the borders is still a challenging issue for the governments, who are constantly looking for more effective and better methodologies (Lotfi 2011: 77). After China, Iran and the Russian federation have the largest number of neighboring countries in the world. On the other hand, Iranʹs borders lie within ten major physiographic regions, including mountains, foothills, deserts, swamplands, lagoons, rivers, forests, steppes, lakes, and seas (Karimipour, 2000: 22). Such geographical features and having numerous neighboring countries has provided a special situation for Iran. Obviously, strategic or military control of these long border lines is extremely difficult. Based on this fact, numerous plans, policies, and methodologies have been used by different responsible organizations to manage and control borders within recent years. It seems necessary to evaluate the level of their effectiveness on border security. 2- Research method The present research can be described as descriptive and analytical in nature. Gathering the needed information has been done through library research and field research methods (questionnaires and interviewing authorities). The questions included in this study were as follows: 1- How effective do you describe the physical devices which are being used to control and supervise Iranʹs eastern border (Khorasan Razavi province-Afghanistan) on making that border impenetrable? 2- How effective do you describe the electronic devices which are being used to control and supervise Iranʹs eastern border (Khorasan Razavi province-Afghanistan) on making that border impenetrable? 3- How effective do you describe the plans (frontage defining policies, evacuating border villages, setting up border markets, defining forbidden border areas) which are being used to control and supervise Iranʹs eastern border (Khorasan Razavi province-Afghanistan) on making that border impenetrable? 3- Arguments and conclusion Numerous factors can threaten the national security of a country on borders, including border disputes and military invasion, having long border lines and enemy penetration through borders, the existence of similar languages, tribal values, and religions on both sides of the border and their anti-national activities, smuggling, especially drugs, human trafficking, border crimes, etc. As a result, different countries in the world have adopted different approaches to maintaining their border security, considering the existing threats to their borders with the neighboring countries. Different threatening factors are causing disturbances in Iranʹs eastern borders, especially where this survey focuses on (Khorasan Razavi province - Afghanistan), and this has attracted more attention toward this region. Based on these facts, Iranʹs government and involved organizations are employing three methods to impose control on the border lines, these three methods include 1) physical approaches 2) electronic approaches 3) plans and policies for controlling the border lines (defining a frontage, setting forbidden areas, etc). This survey has studied every single one of these approaches. The results indicate that the management policies and methods have had an influential role in making the borders impenetrable, along the borders with Afghanistan. In more precise words, electronic supervision, physical supervision, and controlling plans have respectively played the most effective roles in making Iranʹs eastern borders impenetrable.