مسيوليت قهري و قراردادي : تفاوتها و كاركردها

TORTIOUS AND CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY: DIFFERENTS AND FUNCTIONS

هرگاه فردي متعهد به جبران خسارت وارده به ديگري شود، گفته مي شود كه در برابر وي "مسيوليت مدني" دارد. با تحقق شرايط مسيوليت- فعل زيانبار، ورود ضرر، رابطه سببيت، تقصير- رابطه ديني ويژه بين عامل ورود زيان و زيان ديده بوجود مي آيد كه زيان ديده را طلبكار و عامل ورود زيان را بدهكار مي نمايد و موضوع اين رابطه جبران خسارت است. در اين تعريف از منشا مسيوليت سخني به ميان نيامده است. از اوايل قرن نوزدهم به منشا مسيوليت توجه بسيار شد و تحت تاثير ديدگاه اخير مسيوليت مدني به دو شعبه قهري و قراردادي انشعاب پيدا كرد و به تدريج هر كدام شرايط و مفهوم خاص خود را پيدا كردند (تعدد مسيوليت) اين تقسيم بندي با انتقاداتي مواجه بوده است. هدف اين مقاله تبيين مفهوم اين دو مسيوليت و تفاوتها و كاركردهاي آن است.

When a person should compensate something for a person, it is said that he has civil liability. the existence of evidence that shows a person is responsible- the wrong act, damage, negligence causation relationship-specific religious relationship is caused between the person who cause the damage and the one who receive it that the former turn out to be the person indebted and the later one the person who should be paid, and the nature of this relationship is the compensation of the damage.At the beginning of 19th century, lots of attention was paid to the origin of responsibility, and influenced by this perspective, civil responsibility was divided to tortuous and contractual branches, and gradually each of them has found its special conceptualization (duality of liability), though each of them has been criticized. The purpose of this study is to clarify these two types of responsibilities and shed light of its applications.