جدال در مفهوم برابري در مقابلقانون در متممقانوناساسي مشروطيت

The Concept of Equality before the Law in the Supplement of the

در مشروطيت بسياري از مفاهيم جديد حقوق عمومي پديدار شدند. مفهوم برابري در مقابل قانون يكي از اين مفاهيم بود. ظهور اين مفهوم در افق بحثهاي مشروطه خواهان نشان از وقوع تغييراتي در بنيادهاي اخلاقي جامعه ميداد و از اين رو مفهومي بنيادين و يكي از شالودههاي استقرار حكومتقانون بود. دفاع از اين مفهوم و تفكيك ميان دو مفهوم متمايز «برابري در مقابل قانون» و «برابري در قانون» به-مدد سابقه فقهي آن ممكن شد. فقه در مقام يك نظام حقوقي چنين تفكيكهايي را ميشناخت. فقيهان مشروطهخواه به ياري اين مفاهيم مغالطات در مفهوم برابري را ميگشودند. اما گفتگو درباره برابري تنها بحثي حقوقي نبود بلكه جامعه به سوي تجربه ساحتهاي تازهاي از برابري حركت ميكرد و جدالي پيش از حقوق، براي شناسايي برابري‌هاي جديدي، در جريان بود و در اين ميانه بود كه مغالطه مجال بروز مييافت. تلاش براي تدوين تاريخ اين مفاهيم و شرايطي كه در آن ظاهر شدند كوششي به سوي تدوين تاريخ مفاهيم حقوق عمومي در ايران است. تاريخي كه حقوقدانان از آن غافل شده‌اند و آن را به تاريخ نويساني سپرده‌اند كه ابزاري براي تدوين اين فرازهاي تاريخ مشروطه-خواهي، كه خود مهمترين فصل تاريخ حقوق اساسي است، ندارند. تلاش براي استقرار اين مفهوم پيش از مشروطيت آغاز شده بود. اما در نظامنامه اساسي اصلي به آن اختصاص نيافت. در هنگامه نوشتن متمم قانون اساسي اين مفهوم در اصل هشتم پيشبيني شد. تحولات اين اصل را تا شكل نهايي آن بررسي خواهيم كرد. در بحث هاي اين دوران دو مفهوم از برابري جريان داشت كه براي پيگيري و تدوين بحث تفكيك آن دو ضروري است. تعريف مشروطهخواهان را از برابري در مقابل-قانون نشان خواهيم داد و اين كه چگونه و بر چه مبنايي چنين تعريف-دقيقي ممكن شد.

During the Iranian constitutional revolution in 1906 many legal concepts emerged, one of which was equality before the law. The emergence of this concept in the constitutionalists’ discussion was a sign of fundamental changes in the moral foundations of the society and thus was a basic concept and a foundation for the establishment of the rule of law. Defending this concept and distinguishing between “equality before law” and “equality in law” was made possible with reliance on its Shia jurisprudential background. Shia jurisprudence as a legal system recognises this distinction. Constitutionalist jurisconsults dealt with paralogism in the concept of equality with reliance on these concepts. However, the debate on equality was not just a legal debate and the society was also moving towards new aspects of equality. Accordingly, there was a struggle beyond law to discover new equalities and these conditions paved the way for the emergence of paralogism. Writing about the history of these concepts and the conditions in which they emerged is an effort towards writing the history of public law concepts in Iran, the history which has been disregarded by jurists and its codification has been left to general historians who have not have the required means to write this part of the constitutional history which is the most important aspect of the history of the Iranian constitutional law. After a short introduction to the background of the concept of equality on the eve of the Iranian constitutional revolution, this paper discusses the views of the constitutionalists and anti-constitutionalists about the concept of equality. Efforts for establishing this concept started before the constitutional revolution but no principle was dedicated to it in the constitutional document. This concept, in fact, was mentioned in the principle 8 of the supplement to the Iranian constitution during the constitutional revolution. This paper examines the development of this principle to its final form. Since, there were two understandings of the concept of equality in the debates during that period, it has been necessary to distinguish between the two understandings to follow the discussion. This paper presents the definition of equality before the law by the constitutionalists had and how such accurate definition was achieved. The paper will examine how the same debate occurred in the German parliament in 1849 which greatly resembles the debates of the constitutionalists in Iran during the constitutional revolution. This examination will shed some light on the debates by the Iranian constitutionalists. Finally, the paper examines the concepts similar to the concept of equality in Sharia jurisprudence.