بررسي تطبيقي سنت ماسك سازي آفريقاي كهن ، مدرن و دوران پست مدرن

Contrastive analysis of Mask making custom in ancient, Modern and Post modern Africa

در مقاله پيش رو سعي بر آن است تا علل شكل گيري ، سير تحول و تطور يكي از هنرهاي سنتي آفريقا كه همانا ماسك سازي است مورد بررسي قرار گيرد. پژوهش به روش تحليلي – تطبيقي بوده است و مطالب آن به روش كتابخانه اي و اسنادي گرد آوري شده است .در اين مقاله ابتدا مختصري به شرح و توصيف اين هنر بومي ، منشا شكل گيري آن در قبايل آفريقايي پرداخته شده است و در ادامه با توجه به حضور اروپاييان در اين كشور ها تاثيرات فرهنگي در دوران معاصر اين كشور ها بر آفريقا و بالعكس مورد بررسي قرار گرفته است. البته در اين دوران در آفريقا نيز تحولاتي دروني در دل اين هنر شكل گرفت و از جنبه ي آييني به هنري كالا محور تغيير ماهيت داد و در نهايت به دگرگوني در دوران پست مدرن تبديل شد كه بيشتر از آنكه بر هنر اروپا تاثير بگذارد بر هنر خود اين قاره تاثير گذاشت ، در اين دوران هنرمندان هنر خود را با حفظ سنت هاي كهن و روح آفريقايي اثر به هنري با پوسته اي نوين تبديل كردند و جلوه ي نويني از هنر آفريقا را به منصه ي ظهور رسانيدند.

Following essay intends to study causes of formation, circulation of evolution and transformation of one of the traditional African Art, i.e. mask making. This research has been done in analytic and contrastive analysis and it s contents has been collected in documentary and attributive method. In the African mask making art from ancient era till now we face works that with regarding to abundance, similarities and differences in impulses of creation, the creator, addressee and features are comparable. First, this essay study manner and impulses of mask making in ancient times in primitive Africa. What is nowadays mentioned as art but in ancient times had magical usage and role. These masks were mainly used in rituals then we survey the circulation of evolution of this kind of art in modern era. In this period regarding European arrivals to Africa and development of urbanization and business and trade, mask making has been turn into earn living device and passes the ritual stage. In modern time, African man has kept distance from the ancient time, and for his and his familyʹs financial security, he need to have an income. Thus this primitive manmade object turns to economical goods. Of course trader arrivals in this land cause this art to be known and appearance of inspiration in European artist such as, Picasso. Drain, Matisse, Brancusi. As a result of colonialism in Africa and finally, according to globalism of art in postmodern era and correlation between the countries, financial role of mask making turn to an artistic one. It means that African artist in postmodern era has reviewed the European modern artworks and has done new movement in art that is far from the early and modern period. In this research we study the criteria and characteristics and evolution in mask making art with hope of opening new stand point for African art.