مرتبه شناسي معماري دوره سنت؛ درآمدي بر مرتبه شناسي معماري روستايي بر مبناي تبيين و نقد آراي كريستين نوربرگ شولتز

A Classification of Traditional Architecture; an Introduction to the Order of Rural Architecture (According to explaining and criticizing Christian Norberg- Schulz’s thought)

شناخت معماري روستايي عموماً با رويكرد اقليمي و عملكردي همراه است. اين گونه ازمواجهه با معماري روستا، تك بنا (مسكن و فضاي عمومي) و بافت، بيشتر به تبيين پاسخ هاي كالبدي روستا نسبت به عوامل اقليمي مي پردازد و يا نحوه جريان زندگي و استقرار عملكردها را در ابنيه روستايي مبنا قرار مي دهد. در مقابل كيفيت هاي فضايي معماري روستا كم تر مورد مطالعه و شناسايي قرارگرفته و معيارهاي فني و كارشناسانه آن ناگفته مانده است. از اين رو امكان شناسايي و ارزشگذاري كيفيت ابنيه روستايي در طرح هايي كه معماري بافت و بناي روستا را مخاطب قرار مي دهند وجود ندارد. مقاله حاضر در صدد ارايه و يا پيشنهاد رويكردي مناسب در شناخت معماري روستايي است كه در آن، حقيقت اين معماري و ارزش ها و ويژگي هاي آن با شايستگي بيش تري بازگو شود. در اين حالت مطالعه اي جامع تر و به تبع آن ارزش گذاري و مرتبه بندي مرتبط با اصول حاكم بر معماري روستا، ضمانت بهتري خواهد يافت. اين نظرگاه با دريافت آراي ابن خلدون شكل مي گيرد؛ آن جا كه مراتبي را براي ساخته هاي معماري جوامع انساني دوره سنت، كه سكونت بر روي زمين را بر زندگي كوچ نشيني ترجيح مي-دهند بيان مي دارد: باديه نشينان، روستاييان و شهرنشينان. معماري روستيك، معماري عرفي و معماري سبكي واژگاني است كه به عنوان نماينده مراتب معماري دوره سنت و با استقبال و نقد آراي كريستين نوربرگ شولتز و در هماهنگي با نظرگاه ابن خلدون ارايه شده است. اين دستاورد برمبناي تحليل محتواي آراي شولتز و انطباق آن با ظرفيت و ماهيت معماري دوره سنت در ايران، پيشنهادي در مرتبه شناسي معماري و معيارهاي آن ارايه مي شود. معيارهاي قابل طرح براي هر يك از اين مراتب امكان تشخيص بهتري از ساخته هاي مربوط به معماري دوره سنت و به تبع آن معماري روستايي را فراهم مي آورد.

Rural architecture is generally studied through a typological and climatic approach. Such an approach to rural architecture either as a single housing unit or texture, explains the interaction between rural skeletal feedbacks and climatic factors more than it studies and identifies rural architectural spatial qualities. So such an approach limits the understanding of design quality in rural architecture, especially for projects that aim to address the architecture of the rural buildings and textures. This paper aims to present or suggest a different approach in understanding of rural architecture to identify the truth of this architecture and its values and qualities with more worthiness. According to this approach, it is expected to achieve more comprehensive study, and consequently valuating and classifying dominant principles on the rural architecture. This theory is shaped through a close study of Ibn Khaldun’s thought, especially where he categorizes the architectural buildings of the traditional human societies that have abandoned their nomadic life and preferred to reside as Bedouins, Villagers, and City dwellers. Based on a critical application of Christian Norberg - Schulz’s architectural theories and building upon Ibn Khaldun’s thought, this study presents a new conceptual framework of rustic architecture, common architecture, and stylist architecture. In this paper it is considered to survey critically the Christian Norberg - Schulzʹs opinions, because the formative nature and local properties of examples doesnʹt necessarily adapt to features of Iranian villages. However, this matter doesn’t prevent studying and accepting Schulzʹs thought. Nevertheless, Schulz’s regard and consequently this inquiry have public view to the order of rural architecture. However, we can rely on Schulzʹs opinions to achieve an appropriate usage relevant to Iranian rural architecture. This criterion considerably includes rural features which can validate the credibility of the rural buildings. The other achievement of this approach is keeping and training the architectural tradition of each culture and civilization in villages. Thus paying attention to the rural architectural features and cognition of them is a necessity and protection of them is a basic principle. Based on what is explained in this article, traditional architectural buildings to meet the comfort of human needs, manifest three orders of architecture. So the rural architecture, rustic architecture, common architecture and the stylist architecture are the subjects which this article presents critically according to Norberg - Schulz’s architectural theories. The proposed criteria for each concept offer a more thorough understanding of the traditional architectural buildings in general and rural architecture in particular. For the first part of this paper, Ibn Khaldun’s theory for formation of oasis, village and city is mentioned. In continue of this paper the relationships between of Ibn Khaldun’s opinions and Christian Norberg - Schulzʹs ideas are investigated. A nontrivial simulation of these two ideas is derived from this comparison Furthermore, Christian Norberg - Schulzʹs opinion in valuation of rustic building is studied. This results in some criteria which are different from common ones.