ادراك فطري از ديدگاه علامه طباطبايي

Human Nature Intuition (Perception) from the Point of Tabatabaei Perspectives

فطرت از مسايل مطرح در هستي‌شناسي فلسفي و مبناي جهت‌گيري انسان در ادراك و گرايش اوست و اثبات يا انكار آن آثار و لوازم وجودي و معرفتي زيادي در پي دارد. در تبيين ادراكات فطري، گستره و آثار آن، ديدگاه‌هاي مختلفي ارايه شده است؛ عده‌اي ادراكات و گرايش‌هاي فطري را به طور كلي انكار كرده و عده‌اي آن را پذيرفته‌اند. در ميان معتقدان نيز تبيين يكساني از فطرت موجود نيست. در اين مقاله ديدگاه خاص علامه طباطبايي در وجودشناسيِ ادراك فطري، مباني فلسفي و آثار آن را از ديدگاه ايشان تبيين كرده و نشان داده‌ايم كه وي بر اساس مباني و نگرش خاص فلسفي خود، ديدگاهي نو در اين باره عرضه داشته و ادراك فطري را به نحو وجوديِ محض، متفاوت با ساير سيستم‌هاي رايج فلسفي و بدون نياز به مباني آن‌ها تبيين كرده است. در جانب سلبي، معناي فطرت نه عقل‌گراييِ مطلق به معناي ادراكات ذاتي فطري است كه در فلسفه دكارت آمده، و نه اومانيسم مطلق به معناي خالي بودن ذات انسان از هرگونه جهت‌گيري گرايشي و ادراكي. از حيث اثباتي نيز ادراك وجود مقيّد خود است كه عين تعلّق و ربط و وابستگي به وجود مطلق است و انسان به محض ادراك وجود مقيّد خود، به تقدّم وجودِ مطلق در دار هستي و آثار گسترده ـ و البته داراي مراتبِ اين ادراك‌ـ اعتراف مي‌كند.

Human nature is one of the significant issues in the philosophical ontology and is a base for human orientation in his perception and tendency which approval or disapproval of it follows many impacts and existential and knowledge necessities. There are different attitudes which determine nature perceptions, its realm and results. Some have generally denied nature perceptions and tendencies and some others have accepted. There is not an equal stating about the nature among those who have accepted. This paper has clarified and showed the special attitude of Allameh Tabatabaei about ontology of the nature perception, philosophical bases and its results. This note has revealed that Allameh according to his own philosophical principles and attitudes has clarified a new opinion and determined nature perception in an absolute Being which differs from other common philosophical system and without any necessity to their bases .In the negative side, the meaning of nature is neither ultimate (pure) rationalism which means the inherent nature perceptions as Desecrate has mentioned in his philosophy nor absolute humanism which means the nothingness (void) of human essence or human nature from any orientation and perception .From the positive view, the perception of being is limited to his own which is just belonging and related and coherent to absolute Being and man as soon as perceives his absolute limited perception affirms the priority of absolute Being in the universe and his expanded effects and also the stages of this perception. Key words: Nature, Nature intuition (perception), Allameh Tabatabaei, Conditional (limited) being.