نقش اعلان اراده در انشاي ايقاعات

The Role of the Showing Intention in Establishing One Sided Contracts

بر اساس ماده 191 قانون مدني، اعلان اراده در عقود، شرط وقوع آن‌هاست و نحوه اعلان موضوعيتي نداشته و موثر در مقام نيست. ضرورت اعلان اراده در انشاي ايقاعات از مباحثي است كه حقوق‌دانان در آن اختلاف نظر دارند. برخي اعلان اراده را در ايقاعات فاقد ضرورت مي‌دانند، به جز مواردي كه قانون ضروري دانسته است. دليل عمده ايشان، يك‌طرفه بودن ايقاعات و عدم نياز به توافق درآن‌ها و عدم پيش‌بيني اين قاعده از سوي قانون‌گذار است. گروهي ديگر از اين لحاظ بين عقود و ايقاعات هيچ تفاوتي قايل نشده و حكم ماده 191 قانون مدني را به ايقاعات هم تسرّي داده‌اند. به نظر ايشان، حقوق از آنجا كه خاستگاه اجتماعي دارد و به روابط انسان‌ها در اجتماع مي‌پردازد، تنها به اموري مي‌پردازد كه به نحوي پاي در عرصه اجتماع گذارده و از باطن به ظاهر پيوسته‌اند. به نظر مي‌رسد با توجه به استدلال اخير و نحوه رويكرد فقه اماميه به موضوع (اصل 167 قانون اساسي) و نيز مباني حكم ماده 191 قانون مدني، استدلال اخير قابل دفاع است و اعلان اراده در ايقاعات به عنوان شرط وقوع، لازم مي‌باشد.

Article 191 explicitly states that the Proclamation of will is the occurring provision of the contracts. It is as mentioned in the article has no thematic and no effect. Everything is able to show the inward will of the offeror and offeree is enough to access the aim. The necessity of the will Proclamation to create the unilateral contracts is the object which there is disagreement between law scholars. Some groups believe that it is not obligation to declare the will in the unilateral contracts except those which the law has called their necessities. It means the Proclamation is not the provision of practicing unilateral contracts. Their main reason that they have presented is the unilateral contracts are not mutual agreement and consequently there is no necessary of agreement and the legislator does not determine this principal. The other group believes that there is no difference between the unilateral contracts and bilateral ones and so does the decree of article 191 enhance to the unilateral contracts. According to their attitude, because the law is originated from the society and is enacted the connection between people in the society it only practices affairs which relates to the field of the community and connects the outwards to inwards. With respect to the latter reason and Imami jurisprudence approach to the matter (article167 of Iran’s constitution) and the bases of the decree of article191, it seems the latter reason is defensible and the Proclamation of the will in unilateral contracts as an occurring provision is necessary. Key words: Proclamation, Inward will, Outward will, Establishing, Unilateral contracts.