حادثه و فاجعه: بررسي تحول خطرات و جبران آنها

Incident and disaster: Review of dangerʹʹs development and their,s compensate

امنيت اجتماعي، مرهون قواعد مسووليّتي است كه تكاليف حقوقي را تعيين و سرپيچي از آنها را معاقب مي كند. دير زماني، مسووليّت مدني با جبران خساراتِ ناروايي كه به ديگران وارد مي آمد، پاسخي به نياز امنيت بود و خطراتي كه در گستره‏‎ي مسووليّت مدني مي گنجيد به حوادثِ روزمره و محتمل محدود مي شد كه منتسب به اشخاص حقيقي يا حقوقي باشد. معهذا امروزه، تحول خطرات و گستره‏ي عظيم آنها، شمول واژگانِ حادثه و مسووليّت مدني را در اين عرصه ناتك/ككحوان نشان مي دهند. مديريتِ خطرات، ضرورتِ تقسيم بندي جديد و مقابله‏ي با آنها را ايجاب مي نمايد كه تفكيك خطر به حادثه و فاجعه در اين راستاست. مطالعه‏ي مفهوم فاجعه و دگرگوني نگرشِ تاريخي و اجتماعي به آن، موضوع مقاله‏ي حاضر است كه به شيوه اي تطبيقي و با بهره گيري از تجربيات و منابع خارجي صورت مي گيرد و همزمان با ارايه‏ي نمونه هاي موردي، نظري به برخي راهكارهاي جبران فجايع در ساير كشورها نيز دارد. نتيجه تحقيق نشان مي دهد كه تمايز حوادث از فجايع مي تواند با توجه به ظرفيت ها و ضرورت هاي اجتماعي و اقتصادي و نهادهاي حمايتي و بيمه اي حاكم، به جبران موثر خطرات بزرگ اجتماعي كه در كمين جامعه هستند، منجر شود و در تامين امنيت فردي و اجتماعي و تقسيم عادلانه‏‌ي خطرات اثرگذار باشد.

Social Security is due to principles of responsibility that determines legal duties and penalizes the refusing from them. For a long time, civil responsibility with compensation for damages which was caused to others was the response to security needs; and the dangers that were included in the scope of civil responsibility were limited to common daily and regular accidents related to natural or legal persons. However nowadays, the evolution of risks and its expansion of scope depicts the incapability of the phrases “accident and civil responsibility” in this sphere. Risk management provides for the necessity of new classification and confronting them as such, in which the separation of risk into accident and catastrophe are along these lines. Examination the definition of catastrophe, and the dramatic change in the historical and sociological perspective to it, is the subject of this article, which is done in the form of comparative study, by utilizing the experience and references of foreign sources; and simultaneously by provision of case studies it also reflects on some of the solutions for catastrophe compensation in other countries. The result of the research shows that distinguishing accidents from catastrophes – having considered the capacities and necessities of sociological, economical, support and insurance organizations – can result in the efficient compensation of the huge dangers which face the society; and can be effective in the provision of individual and social security and fair division of risks.