قواعد و ويژگي‌هاي معرفي شهرها در متون كهن

Recognition of principles and characteristics of presenting cities in ancient texts

اين مقاله تلاش دارد تا با گذر از محتوا‌، نثر و معرّفي آثار متون كهن، به قواعد و ويژگي‌هاي موجود در معرفي شهرها بپردازد‌. در اين راستا ده شهر از عصر ساماني در تمدن اسلامي ايران انتخاب شده، آثار و منابع مورد بررسي با توجه به ساختار و طرح پژوهشي درپنج عنوان طبقه‌بندي شده است. معرّفي شهرها‌، به ترتيب از “‌اقليم و شهر‌” شروع شده و به “‌شهر و فرهنگ‌” خاتمه يافته است‌. موضوعات مقاله با توجه به بستر مطالعه ي موردي كه عصر ساماني را شامل مي‌شود به شناسايي”‌ماورا اانّهر‌” پرداخته و كلياتي از شهر‌هاي اين دوره معرّفي شده است‌. بدنه اصلي مقاله شامل برشمردن ويژگي‌هاي تفكيكي و موضوعي شهرها و تحليل آنها است‌. در بين شهرهاي مورد مطالعه اين نوشته‌، سه ويژگي در معرّفي شهرها مورد توجّه بوده كه بيشترين و كامل‌ترين معرّفي مربوط به شهر “سمرقند و بخارا‌» است‌. آنچه كه به عنوان پرسش اصلي مقاله و فرضيه “‌قاعده مندي در معرّفي شهرهاي متون كهن‌” مورد توجّه بوده است در بدنه اصلي مقاله پاسخ داده شده و اطلاعات طبقه‌بندي‌شده مورد تحليل قرار گرفته است. معرّفي شهرهاي بزرگ نيز داراي قاعده ويژه و كاملي بوده است به شيوه‌اي كه نكته‌اي از جامعيّت معرّفي شهرها كاسته نشده است.

This paper attempts to introduce the principles and characteristics of existing cities with studying the content, style and presentation of the historic periods of ancient texts from Islamic period historians – specially the authors of the fourth century to the seventh century AH. In this regard,ten cities have been selected as a sample fromSamanid era of Islamic civilization (Jowzjan, Chouchanian, Katl or Katlan, Karazm, Gorjestan, Sistan, Bast and Gazneh, Kerman, Samarkand and Bukhara).Due to the structure of the project,reviewed works and sources are classified in five titles: Introducing cities, respectively, started from “Climate and City” and terminated to “City and Culture”. Due to the case study that includes Samanid era, thepaper’s subjects are trying to identifyTransoxania and introducing cities’ characteristics in this period. The main body of the paper includes identifying and examining five topics from introducing and analyzing cities. These features are as follows: 1. Geographical and climate features of cities 2. Kings’ qualification and a brief description of their behavioral characteristics 3. Introducing counties and townships of cities 4. Economic characteristics of cities 5. Cultural features Among the cities which studied in this paper, the first three featuresare used for presenting considered cities which authors choose that these cities have the largest and most complete introduction to cities as “Samarkand and Bukhara” and have discussed economic and cultural characteristics of these cities. The paper’s question and the assumption of “regularity introduced in the cities of ancient texts” were answered in the main body of the article and classified information has been analyzed. Also, the introduction of large cities has special and complete rule in away that the point of introducing the integrity of cities has not diminished. Study’s achievements demonstrated the following findings: a. In all of the cases presented by historians;Issues such as climate and city, regional divisions, and describing princess’ circumstances has been discussed. b. The content ofhistorical and geographical contexts in Iran’sclassical era has high-capacity for variety of description. c. Review and classification of knowledge recorded in ancient texts is underlying principles of indigenous science in order that the scholars can be able to link these texts to “interdisciplinary topics”. d. With paying attention to the content of the resource,we can extract general rules and its details and organize elements and rules of historical research.