بسترهاي ظهور عوام‌گرايي كيفري

The Context of the Appearance of Penal Populism

امروزه به ندرت مي‌توان نظام كيفري را يافت كه به شكل‌هاي مختلف تحت تاثير انديشه‌هاي عوام‌گرايانه قرار نگرفته باشد. مطالعه سياست‌هاي كيفري نظام‌هاي مختلف نشان مي‌دهد كه جلوه‌هاي نفوذ عوام‌گرايي كيفري با درجات شديد و ضعيف در بسياري از كشورها قابل مشاهده است. بررسي روند ظهور و گسترش انديشه‌هاي كيفري عوام‌گرا نشان مي‌دهد كه عوامل مشتركي در ظهور و گسترش اين رويكرد نقش داشته‌اند. اين مقاله درصدد است با رويكردي تطبيقي بسترهاي ظهور عوام‌گرايي كيفري را در نظام‌هاي كيفري مختلف و ايران، بررسي و تجزيه و تحليل كند. بر اساس يافته‌هاي اين تحقيق بازنمايي اغراق‌آميز جرم در رسانه‌ها، كاهش احساس امنيت، ورود سياست‌هاي كيفري به شعارهاي انتخاباتي، گرايش به الگوي اقتصاد بازار آزاد، بي‌اعتمادي نسبت به اثربخشي الگوهاي اصلاح و درمان مجرمان و ناآگاهي عمومي نسبت به واقعيت‌هاي مجرمانه نقش بسزايي در ظهور اين رويكرد داشته است.

Penal populism researches offer valuable data for the recognition of the characteristics of populist policies in different penal systems. The findings of these comparative researches indicate that penal populism involves policies which are usually tough, expressive, emotional and devoid of scientific theory. Penal populist reactions appear in the light of popular moves and emotional environment, especially after the important criminal events. The inherent claim of these polices is the reduction of criminal conduct by resorting to penal measures in the shortest time. This approach does not necessarily need to have a deep understanding of crimes, and tries to cover its theoretical weakness by resorting to instrumental interpretation of public demands and expectations. The reaction of penal populism to the lack of effectiveness of punitive policies has been the denial of accepting the responsibility of failure and tries to find the roots of the lack of security in the resistance against these policies and the existence of the groups who are called others and inconsistent with the majority of the society. Though, scientific analysis of the effectiveness of the penal populist reactions shows that these policies could not achieve the ideal promises of complete disappearance of crime. This article attempts to present criteria for the recognition of penal populist policies by case study of some criminal laws and discourse analysis of criminal policy authorities in the different political, social, and legal contexts. Getting familiar with the experiences of developed penal systems in the field of process of interring populist ideas into the penal policy will create a good opportunity to achieve a deep understanding about the context of the appearance of penal populism and the necessity of taking appropriate measures to prevent the influence of the populist ideas on penal policy.