نقش معتزله در تخريب شخصيت هشام‌بن حكم و نسبت دادن تجسيم به او و تاثيرآن بر محدثان شيعي

The Role of Muʹʹtazilites in Attributing the Doctrine of Corporeality of God to Hisham Ibn Hakam and Assassination of His Personality, and Its Effect on Shia Traditionists

تجسيم به‌معناي اطلاق جسم بر خالق هستي، يكي از مفاهيم جنجالي كلام اسلامي است. در باب پيشينه تاريخي تجسيم و نفوذ انديشه‌هايي از اين دست بايد گفت تجسيم در انديشه فرق ديگر مجال بروز و ظهور بيشتري داشته است، اما معتزليان نخستين به هشام‌بن حكم، متكلم بزرگ عصر امامت نسبت تجسيم داده‌اند. اين نسبت كانون توجه فرق‌نگاران غيرشيعي و نيز برخي محدثان شيعي قرار گرفته و آن را در آثار خود آورده‌اند. باتوجه به نوشته‌ها و آثار و مباحثات پيشين كلامي، بايد معتزله را نخستين نسبت‌دهندگان دانست. در علل و چرايي اين نسبت، برخي محققان به انگيزه‌ها و رقابت و كينه‌جويي معتزله اشاره كرده‌اند. ادعاي معتزله علاوه بر منابع غيرشيعي، بر آثار شيعي نيز اثر گذاشته است. پيامد اين نسبت را مي‌بايد ابهام در شخصيت هشام شمرد. براي نمونه دست‌كم بيش از پنج روايت در اصول كافي و رواياتي در ‌توحيد صدوق و رجال كشي، در زمينه نسبت تجسيم به هشام وارد شده است. درباره هشام كمتر نوشته و يا پژوهشي را مي‌توان يافت كه به اثبات و يا نفي اين موضوع نپردازد.

Corporealization which means attributing corporeality to God as the creator of the universe is one of the contentious and most-debated concepts in Islamic theology. It should be said about the historical background of corporealization and penetration of these types of thought that there has been more room for corporealization to be manifested in the views of other sects. However, early Muʹtazilites have attributed the belief in the corporality of God to Hisham Ibn Hakam, the great theologian of the time when Infallible Imams were present. This attribution has been taken into consideration by Non-Shia historiographers of sects and some Shia traditionists and mentioned in their works. Taking into consideration previous theological works, Muʹtazilites can be regarded as the first scholars who have proposed this attribution. With regard to the reasons of this attribution, some researchers have referred to Muʹtazilitesʹ motives, competition and revenge-seeking. Muʹtazilites have exerted influence on both non-Shia and Shia works and sources. Such an attribution has certainly led to Hishamʹs ambiguous personality. For instance, there are at least five hadiths is Usool Kafi (the Book of sufficient principles) and some others in Sheikh Sadooqʹs book, Towhid and Kashiʹs book, Rejal (authorities of hadith), about the attribution of corporealization to Hisham. There are very few articles and research on Hisham, in which this idea is not affirmed or rejected.