نقش نيروهاي مردمي در جنگهاي ايران و روسيه

The Role of People Forces in Iran-Russia Wars

اختلاف اساسي بين ايران و روسيه، به خصوص در مسيله گرجستان و مسايل مذهبي، به جنگهاي ايران و روسيه طي سالهاي 1228-1218و نيز 1243-1241ه‍ .ق منجر شد. فتحعلي شاه كه قابليت و كارايي‌ لازم را براي رهبري سياسي – نظامي جنگها نداشت، دست نياز به سوي قدرتهاي استعماري انگلستان و فرانسه دراز كرد. امّا پس از آنكه متوجه خيانتهاي دولتين فرانسه وانگليس شد، به مراجع وعلماي مذهبي متوسّل گرديد. روحانيت و مراجع، به حكم وظيفه و به منظور حفظ اسلام، جهاد عليه كفّار روس را واجب دانسته و در اين زمينه چندين رساله جهاديه صادر فرمودند. صدور فتواي جهاديه توسط علما، مردم را مكلّف به بيرون راندن روسها از ايران نمود. به تبع اين امر، نيروهاي مردمي اعم از شهري و ايلاتي وعشاير در عرصه هاي دفاع از كشور حاضر شدند؛ زيرا نيروهاي نظامي رسمي براي اداره جنگ كفايت نمي‌كردند. نقش نيروهاي مردمي و غير رسمي، تحوّل زا بود؛ اما خوب سازماندهي، آموزش و هدايت نشدند و چنين ظرفيت عظيمي نهادينه، ذخيره سازي و به طور مستمر به‌كار گرفته نشد؛ لذا نتايج مطلوب به عمل نيامد، اما درسهاي آموزنده اي براي قرون واعصار بعدي تاريخ ايران بر جا نهاد.

The fundamental dispute between Iran and Russia, especially on the issue of Georgia and religious matters, led to the outbreak of conflicts between Iran and Russia in the course of the years 1218-1228 AH, as well as 1241-1243 AH. Fat’hAli Shah, who had not the competence needed for the political-military conduct of the wars, stretched a needy hand towards the colonial powers of England and France. However, once he came to realize the treasons committed by the two above states, Fat’hAli Shah resorted to the religious authorities and Ulama. In order to support Islam, and on the strength of duty, the Ulama and clergymen deemed Jihad against the Russian heretics as Wajib (Islamicly obligatory), issuing several Fatwas on Jihad. The issuance of the Fatwa on Jihad by the Ulama committed the people to attempt to drive the Russians out of Iran. Subsequently, the people forces from cities, clans, and tribes, attended the scene of defending the country, for the official military forces were less than sufficient for the conduct of the war. The role of the non-official and people forces could have brought more change; however, they were not organized trained and guided in a proper way, nor was such an enormous capacity institutionalized, stored, and employed in a continuing manner. So, no desirable result was achieved, which left instructive lessons for later periods and centuries to come of Iran’s history to learn.