ظرفيت تحمل ‏اجتماعي و واكنش‏هاي رفتاري ديداركنندگان به ازدحام در سايت‏هاي طبيعي

Visitors’ Social Carrying Capacity andtheir Coping Behavior against Crowding at Natural Recreational Sites

يكي از فاكتورهاي بسيار تاثيرگذار بر رضايت گردشگران، كيفيت تجربه‏ي گردشگري است. ازدحام بيش از حد در زمان اوج تقاضا در برخي از سايت‏هاي گردشگري كشور منجر به عبور از آستانه‏هاي ظرفيت تحمل اجتماعي شده و نهايتاً به افت كيفيت تجربه‏ي گردشگران مي‏انجامد. با اين‏حال، برطبق مطالعات ديداركنندگان در واكنش به ازدحام ادراك‏شده، برخي سازوكارهاي مقابله‏اي را به‏كار مي‏گيرند تا هم‏چنان رضايت خود را در سطح بالايي نگه دارند. هدف از مطالعه‏ي حاضر، تعيين ظرفيت تحمل اجتماعي ديداركنندگان و واكنش‏هاي رفتاري آنان به ازدحام در آبشار مارگون بوده است. جامعه‏ي آماري اين تحقيق را گردشگران درون‏حوزه‏اي ديداركننده از آبشار مارگون تشكيل مي‌دادند. داده‏هاي موردنياز در تعطيلات نوروز 1390، به روش ميداني و از طريق پرسش‏نامه جمع‏آوري گرديد. ازدحام ادراك شده به عنوان يك سازه روان‏شناختي از طريق فنون خود‏اظهاري و براساس مقياس وسك و هبرلين سنجيده ‏شد. براي تعيين ظرفيت تحمل اجتماعي از رويكرد هنجاري و روش تصويري استفاده گرديد. نتايج حاصل از تجزيه و تحليل 273 پرسش‏نامه، نشان داد كه تراكم سايت از آستانه‏هاي اجتماعي مطلوب ديداركنندگان فراتر رفته‏‏است. يافته‏ها مويد اين موضوع بود كه شاخص رضايت به تنهايي براي تعيين سطح ظرفيت تحمل اجتماعي كافي نيست. بعلاوه، جايگزيني زمان و بطور مشخص كاهش طول مدت ديدار غالب‏ترين واكنش رفتاري بود.

Introduction Sustainable management of nature reserves requires that the conservation of naturalresources and recreation be balanced. Increased recreational use within these resources endangers this balance, as it may lead both to a decline in the quality of the recreational experience and to the degradation of the ecosystem. Tourism carrying capacity (TCC) is one of the tools used to realize sustainable management.TCC has various dimensions. Social carrying capacity (SCC) is one of its dimensions which includesboth the degree of tolerance of host population and the quality of visitors’ experience. Moreover this notion is closely associated with the concept of crowding. As applied to tourists, SCC can be determined as the maximum level of use and types of activities that can be absorbed by an area without an unacceptable decline in the quality of visitors’ experience. Beside,crowding is often seen as the most direct social influence of recreation that can cause the visitors’ quality of experience to degrade and as a result, resource utility to decline. However, previous research has suggested that despitehigh level of density, visitors may explain their experience as satisfactory. Recreationists who feel crowded may adopt some coping mechanisms that are generally defined as stress-reducing. Displacement is one the coping strategies visitorsapply to reduce stress. Applying displacement may cause some problems for site management, especially for those which are ecologically sensitive. Crowding may lead visitors to displace site with other places, which may be visited less frequently. The greater dispersal of visitor use in time and space can cause undisturbed zones to damage. Despite the large demand for visiting natural areas in Iran, few researches have studied visitors’ social carrying capacity. Furthermore, no research has addressed coping mechanisms they employ in response to crowding. So, thegoal of this study was to determine recreationists’ social carrying capacity and the coping behaviors they employ.