بسيج و تامين نيرو در عصر اسلامي

Basij and Force Generation in the Islamic Era

يكي از لوازم و اركان هاي حياتي هر جنگ، تامين نيرو و بسيج نيروي انساني است كه از دير باز مورد توجه همه جوامع و ملل بوده است. بديهي است هر يك از جوامع براي مقابله با تهديدهاي داخلي و خارجي و نيز تامين امنيت، و گاهي نيز براي گسترش و توسعه سلطه نظامي و سياسي خود، نيازمند تامين نيروهاي لازم هستند كه شيوه ها و نوع آن در هر يك از جوامع متفاوت و مختلف است. هنگام ظهور اسلام و تشكيل حكومت پيامبراسلام(ص) در مدينه، قوام و دوام حكومت نو پاي اسلام، مستلزم برخورداري از يك نيروي انساني براي مقابله با تهديدها و دفع تجاوزات بود. لذا آياتي بر پيامبراسلام(ص) نازل شد كه آن حضرت را مامور مي‎كرد مسلمانان را براي نبرد عليه دشمنان بسيج كند. اين بسيج در ابتدا به صورتي داوطلبانه و براي كسب فيض و ثواب شركت در جهاد، به طور جزيي و عمومي انجام مي‎شد. اما در عصر پس از پيامبراسلام(ص)، به علت توسعه مرزها و گسترش فتوحات، تآمين نيروي انساني، صرفاً نمي‎توانست به نيروهاي داوطلب محدود باشد، لذا قوانين و مقرراتي وضع شد تا بخشي از مردم به هنگام جنگ، به سپاه بپيوندند و بسيج شوند، و برخي نيز به عنوان نيروي ثابت نظامي در خدمت حكومت قرار گيرند. در ابتداي عصر اموي، بسيج نيرو به صورت اجباري انجام مي‎گرفت و بازماندگان از آن، به شدت مجازات مي‎شدند. اين اقدام در كنار حضور داوطلبانه نيروي مردمي در جنگ‎ها بود تا حكومت بتواند نيروي انساني مورد نياز را براي جنگ فراهم كند. ما در اين نوشتار، ضمن بيان اهميت بسيج از ديدگاه اسلام، نحوه شكل‎گيري و سير تحوّل و تطور آن در طول دوران پيامبراسلام(ص) و خلفاي راشدين و سپس اموي و عباسي خواهيم پرداخت.

One of the requirements and basics in any war is force generation and mobilization of manpower. The issue of providing enough forces has been the focus of attention in all nations and communities for a long time. It is obvious that any community requires force generation and providing necessary manpower in order to confront the identified threats as well as to maximize its security and occasionally to expand its military and political dominance. Force generation has had various ways and different kinds and forms in the communities throughout the history. Upon the arising of Islam and constitution of Islamic government by the holy prophet (peace be upon Him and His Household) in Medineh, it became clear that the newly – established government erquires to enjoy enough manpower to face any threat and defend the security of this newly – formed government against any aggression. So God descended from heaven some verses and assigned Him to mobilize the muslim followers to fight against their enemy. At the outset, the mobilization was performed voluntarily and for the sake of gainnig spritual rewards from God. But after the Holy prophet age, force generation could not be done only voluntarily because the borders of islamic government had been expanded. There fore some rules and regulations were established in order to mobilize some people and join the military in case of outbreak of war or aggression and some of them were kept as military serviceman to serve in the government. At beginning of Omaviyh age, mobilization of forces was obligatory and those who missed to join were severly punished. This move was carried out while people took part voluntarily in war, so the government could provide needed troops for war. In this article, we explain the importance of mobilization of forces from islamic viewpoint, and then discuss the process of formation and development of mobilization at the age of islam Holy prophet (P. b.u.H.), the first four caliphs after Him, and Omavy and Abbasi dynasties.