وضعيت حقوقي شرط عدم نفقه در نكاح دايم

The Legal Status of the Condition of the Lack of Alimony in Permanent Marriage

به موجب ماده 1106 قانون مدني، نفقه زوجه در نكاح دايم بر عهده شوهر است. مشهور فقها و حقوق‌دانان، مستندات چنين الزامي را «مقتضاي عقد نكاح»، «امر شارع به تكليف زوج»، «غير ترخيصي بودن حكم نفقه» و «امري بودن قانون نفقه» برشمرده‌اند. در نتيجه، اشتراط اسقاط نفقه در نكاح دايم را شرط مخالف مقتضاي عقد، شرط مخالف شرع و نيز مصداق اسقاط ما لم يجب دانسته‌اند كه با حكمْ بودن ماهيت نفقه و امري بودنِ قانون آن ناسازگار خواهد بود. هرچند طرف‌داران بطلان چنين شرطي در سرانجامِ عقد مشروط به عدم نفقه، اختلاف نظر ديگري دارند و برخي قايل به بطلان عقد (شرط مبطل) و بيشتر آن‌ها طرف‌دار عدم بطلان عقدند (شرط باطل غير مبطل). اين مقاله با ردّ دلايل فساد اين شرط، ضمن ارايه مويداتي بر درستي نظريه خود، با تكيه بر اصل حاكميت اراده به عنوان يك قاعده عقلايي شرعي، صحت چنين شرطي را نتيجه مي‌گيرد.

In accordance to the Article 1106 of the Civil Code, the husband is responsible for the alimony of wife in permanent marriage. The outstanding jurists and lawyers have regarded “the demand of the marriage”, “the order of the lawgiver for the obligation of the husband”, “non-permissibility of the ordinance of alimony” and “being imperative the law of alimony” as the documentations of this requirement. Thus, they regarded the stipulation of the waivering of the alimony in permanent marriage as the stipulation against the demand of the marriage, and against divine law and also as an application for the rule of “waivering the thing that is not required” which is inconsistent with the nature of alimony as being decree and its rule being as an imperative one. However, those who believe that such a condition is invalid are disagree about in other aspect and some consider the contract to be void (invalidating condition) and most of them believe that the contract is not void (invalid condition is not invalidating). Dismissing the arguments of those who believe in the voiding of this condition and providing some justifications for the correctness of this theory based on the rule of sovereignty of the will as a rational-religious rule, this article concludes the correctness of such a condition. Key words: Stipulation of the waivering of the alimony, Lack of alimony, Right and decree, Imperative law.