شروط مبطلِ پيش‌بيني‌شده در ماده 233 قانون مدني و امكان توسعه آن

Annulling Conditions Predicted in Article 233 of Civil Law and Possibility of Its Development

قانون‌گذار مدني ايران با تاثيرپذيري از انديشه‌هاي فقه امامي، در ماده 233 قانون مدني شرط خلاف مقتضاي عقد و شرط مجهولي را كه جهل به آن موجب جهل به عوضين گردد دو شرط باطل و مبطل ياد نموده است. سوال پيش رو در اين باره از سويي مشخص نمودن مفهوم و مبناي مبطليت شروط مزبور است و از سوي ديگر، امكان توسعه شروط مبطل به شروطي غير از موارد مندرج در ماده مذكور. اين جستار با رويكردي فقهي ـ حقوقي و با نقد و بررسي انديشه‌هاي فقهي و حقوقي در اين باب، به اين نتيجه دست يافته است كه شرط خلاف مقتضاي ذات قرارداد، هر شرطي است كه با جوهره قرارداد (كه با توجه به تعاريف قانوني عقود معين و نيز با توجه به مدلول اراده انشايي طرفين قرارداد و عرف قراردادها قابل استنباط است) منافي باشد. همچنين شرط مجهول هنگامي موجب جهل به عوضين است كه مربوط به اوصاف يا شرايط عوضين باشد يا به داوريِ عرف، باعث جهل عوضين گردد. مبناي بطلان و مبطليت شروط پيش‌گفته نيز اخلال آن‌ها در شرايط و اركان اساسي قرارداد است و امكان توسعه شروط باطل و مبطل به شروط ديگري كه موجب اخلال به اركان قرارداد باشند، وجود دارد.

Iranian civil legislator influenced by the thought of Shiite jurisprudence in Article 233 of the civil law have cited the condition against the requirements of the contract and the unknown condition due to the ignorance of the considerations as tow null and making void conditions. The question in this respect relates to the concept and the foundation of the making null of these conditions on the one hand, and the possibility of development of the cancelling conditions to other than those inserted in mentioned article, on the other. Legal-juridical studying and considering and criticizing the juridical and legal thoughts of given in this respect, this paper has reached this conclusion that the condition against the requirement of the contract is a condition that is incompatible with its nature (according to the legal definitions of certain contracts and with regarding to the content of the forming intention of the parties and costume of the contracts that can be inferred). Again, the unknown condition makes the considerations unknown when it relates to the attributes or the conditions of the considerations or it follows the ignorance of the considerations by the judgment of the costume. The foundation of the null and cancelling of the mentioned conditions have been also their disruption of the conditions and basic foundations of the contract and there is possibility of developing invalid and cancelling conditions to other conditions that cause disruption of the foundations of contract. Key words: Proviso, Null condition, Making null conditions, Requirement of the contract, Unknown condition, Civil jurisprudence, Civil law.