تحليلي بر جايگاه بيت‌المال از منظر فقه

An Analytical Look at the Status of Public Treasury from a Fiqhi viewpoint

از جمله تقسيمات بيت‌المال، به بيت‌المال المسلمين و بيت‌المال امام و تقسيم بيت‌المال المسلمين، به بيت‌المال خاص و عام، مالك بيت‌المال امام، شخصيت حقوقي امام معصوم? در عصر حضور، و شخصيت حقوقي ولي فقيه، متصدي اداره جامعه در عصر غيبت است. يكي از مصاديق بيت‌المال امام، خمس درآمد‌هاي كسب است كه بايد در اختيار مرجعي باشد كه متصدي اداره جامعه است. مالك بيت‌المال المسلمين، عموم مسلمانان هستند و فقيه جامع شرايط، از باب ولايت حق تصرف دارد. عنوان «امام» در آيات و روايات، مشتمل بر اين عنوان، اعم از شخصيت حقوقي امام معصوم و شخصيت حقوقي ولي فقيه است. در نتيجه، اختيارات امام معصوم? در ارتباط با بيت‌المال براي ولي فقيه نيز ثابت است.

In response to Imam Khomeini (God’s mercy be upon him) and Ayatollah Khameneiiʹs call for the seminaries to delve into the issues about governmental fiqh, the present paper addresses such issues as dividing public treasury into Muslim public treasury and Imamʹs public treasury, dividing Muslim public treasury into common and private treasury and the differences between them concerning subject and verdict. It has been confirmed that the owner of Imamsʹ public treasury at the time of the Infallible Imam’s presence is the very Imam and the theocratic guardian jurist of Islamic law is responsible for managing the society during occultation. One of the examples of Imamsʹ public treasury is Khums which should be controlled by no one other than the religious authority as a rightful authority who manages the society, owns Muslimsʹ public treasury and intervene in solving all kinds of Muslim’s problem. It has also been confirmed that the title of Imam as referred to in the Quran and traditions is a general title which includes the infallible Imams and theocratic authorityʹs legal entity. As a result, the full power of the infallible Imams about public treasury applies to theocratic authority, as well.