تحليل تطبيقي ساختار اشتغال شهري با تاكيد بر متغيرهاي اجتماعي و نظام برنامهريزي و مديريت شهري مطالعه موردي: كلانشهرهاي تهران و مونترال

The Comparative Analysis of the Urban Employment Structure with Emphasis on Social Variables and Urban Planning & Management System (Case Study: Tehran & Montreal)

در جوامع مختلف با توجه به ساختار متفاوت سياسي ، اجتماعي_ اقتصادي و مديريتي، اشتغال شهري اشكال متفاوتي به خود گرفته است. اما موضوع تاثيرگذاري و سهم اين متغيرها بر اشتغال شهري ناشناخته مانده است. بدين?سان اين مقاله به دنبال پاسخگويي به اين سوالات است كه متغيرهاي متفاوت اجتماعي چه تاثيراتي بر وضعيت اشتغال كلانشهرهاي مونترال و تهران داشته است؟ نظام برنامهريزي و مديريت شهري چگونه بر وضعيت و ساختار اشتغال در دو كلانشهر تهران و مونترال موثر بوده است؟ براي پاسخ به سوالات فوق از روش كيفي استفاده گرديد و در اين راستا جمع?آوري اطلاعات به شيوه اسنادي صورت گرفت. نتايج نشان داد كه تفاوت در متغيرهاي اجتماعي و همچنين برنامهها و سياستهاي مختلف مديريت شهري (همچون وجود تعداد زياد جمعيت در شهر تهران، ساختار سني، پايين بودن سن شروع به كار در قوانين رسمي كشور و تركيب جنسي) در ورود نيروي كار و دسترسي به فرصتهاي اشتغال به ويژه در كلانشهر تهران نقش بسزايي دارد. بر حسب سطح سواد و دانش كاربردي نيز در وضعيت و ساخت اشتغال اين دو شهر تفاوت وجود دارد. در هر دو كلانشهر، مقوله اشتغال و توسعه فضاي كسبوكار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است و برنامهها و اقدامات اجرايي براي ايجاد اشتغال و فعاليت?هاي كارآفرينانه انجام شده است. با اين وجود در مقايسه با كلانشهر مونترال، ضعف بسترهاي قانوني و حقوقي، ضعف مشاركت بخش خصوصي و عدم وجود ارتباط متقابل اقدامات شهرداري با اسناد و برنامههاي فرادست از جمله مسايل و مشكلات پيش? ِروي نظام مديريت و برنامهريزي كلانشهر تهران در ايجاد اشتغال و ساماندهي فضاي كسبوكار است.

Introduction: The analysis of urban employment is one of the main subjects in urban, regional and national structures, especially in developing countries. The analysis of urban employment has always been viewed as one of main urban economic issues. Meanwhile, urban employment in countries has assumed different forms in terms of their social, political and planning structures. However, it is still unknown how those structures affect urban employment. Urban employment has taken different forms because of the different structures of communities, different policies and planning mechanisms. However, the impact of such structures and mechanisms on urban employment has not been investigated in urban studies. Reasonably enough, this paper aims to answer questions such as: how have social variables affected the urban employment in Tehran and Montreal? And, how have urban management and planning system influenced the structure of employment in the Montreal and Tehran metropolitans? Methodology: Qualitative methods were used to answer the above questions. Data were gathered in documentary method and data collection has been made through various ways such as internet resources, documents and texts, formal statistics and field survey by authors. First, data were classified and, secondly, a comparative analysis of employment was carried out in Tehran and Montreal. Findings: In the light of the examined variables, there are various structural differences between Tehran and Montreal Metropolitans. The differences are related to the variables such as active population, early age occupations, quantitative and qualitative structure of employment (such as employment rate, employment based on literacy and sexuality etc), and especially in urban management and planning systems of case studies. Conclusion: The results show that difference in social variables and various strategies, policies and urban management system plans play a key role in employment structure and access to the employment opportunities especially in Tehran Metropolitan; a role that can be viewed in both quantity and quality aspects. The growth of population and the consequent youth population increase rate in Iran and Tehran has resulted in the growing number of people seeking jobs. The difference in the sexuality population structure in Tehran and Montreal has caused low economic participation rate and unequal access to employment opportunities especially in Tehran. In addition, the results show that there are main differences between those cities in terms of education and applied knowledge. These differences are essential challenges on the macro level (for administrative and economic system) and on micro level (for urban management system). Comparatively, Tehran’s management system has faced several main problems such as unstable juridical and legal bases, private sector low participation, and lack of interrelation between actions of municipality and development plans and documents. Therefore, the results show that it is necessary that Tehran municipality should act in accordance with the strategic plan of Tehran’s development and Tehranʹs 5-year plan and avoid unplanned actions. This research suggests more researches to investigate and explain the employment structure of Tehran and especially the role of Tehran municipality in urban employment policy making and planning.