ارايه فرآيند طراحي شهري اجتماعات محلي با تاكيد بر رويكرد «توسعه حملونقل محور»

The Presentation of Local Community Urban Design Process with Emphasis on TOD Approach

ايده توسعه حملونقل محور (TOD) در سطح خرد با ارايه راهكارهاي طراحي شهري زمينهمحور، بر گسترش اجتماعات محلي و باهمستانهاي زيستپذير تاكيد ميكند. باهمستانهايي پويا، كارا، سرزنده و مشوق تعاملات اجتماعي كه گسترش آنها از اهداف و انگارههاي پايداري در طراحي شهري است. از اين رو اين نوشتار در رويكردي توصيفي-تحليلي و با استفاده از شيوههاي مرور متون و منابع، استفاده از اسناد تصويري و مصاحبه، درصدد تدقيق نقش توسعه حملونقل محور، به عنوان يك راهكار، در تحقق طراحي شهري پايدار باهمستانها و ارتقاي كيفيت زندگي و قابليت زيستپذيري در بافتهاي شهري است. هدف از انجام دادن اين پژوهش، شفافسازي رابطه رويكرد TOD با طراحي شهري باهمستانهاي زيستپذير، بازشناسي اهداف، مزايا، مفاهيم و راهكارهاي اجرايي مرتبط با TOD، تبيين لزوم بهرهگيري از فوايد حاصل از سيستم حملونقل عمومي كارا در توسعه بافتهاي شهري و ارايه فرآيند طراحي شهري حملونقل محور اجتماعات محلي بوده است.

Since the mid and late decades of the last century, the tendency to live in the sprawl of cities has substantially increased in response to the development and dominance of automobile industries in the west. Despite the early imagination, such an outspread development has seriously threatened the vital environmental resources and livability of cities. To reduce the destructive effects of such developments, several arguments have been put forward including new urbanism, smart growth, infill development, and etc. Accordingly, since 1970s, urban planners and designers have developed the idea and strategy of transit-oriented development (TOD) on two micro and macro levels. TODs are urban spaces where residents live within a 5–10 minute walk of quick, efficient public transit and can ‘live, work, play, shop and learn’ in a pedestrian-friendly environment where the automobile is an option, not a necessity. This form of development has five major characteristics. Firstly, a TOD has sufficient density to encourage the use of public transit. Secondly, residences, jobs, and retail destinations are located close to public transit facilities. Thirdly, a TOD consists of mixed uses, with retail and employment sites located within walking distance of residential areas. Fourthly, the TOD is built on a grid transportation network which is not divided into the arterial-collector-local road classification system found in most suburban areas. Finally, most TODs contain urban design guidelines and design features that persuade a more pedestrian orientation which theoretically encourages its residents to eschew the automobile in favor of more communal forms of transportation. A TOD ordinance covers the following major elements: amount and type of development, spatial and relational characteristics. TOD regulations govern the amount of development because they tend to permit higher densities of development near to transit stations. They determine the type of development by providing a richer variety of land uses within a given area. They are spatial in that they attempt to minimize the distance between highly developed areas and public transit facilities, thereby encouraging persons living or working in the area to use transit facilities. They are relational in that they use innovative urban design guidelines to ensure not only compatibility between mixed land uses, but also that those land uses relate functionally to the transit system. On micro level, the idea emphasizes the development of livable communities through the framework and strategies of context-oriented design. Dynamic and efficient communities encourage the social interactions, development of which is one of the ends and elements of sustainability in urban design. Therefore, this research aims to determine how TOD as a strategy influences the sustainable urban design of communities and improves the quality of life and livability of urban fabrics. To this end, this paper uses literature review, photo documentation and interview in descriptive-analytical study using survey technique. The results of the present research include the identification of the relation among TOD strategy and sustainable urban design, development of livable communities, recognition of the aims, advantages, guidelines, and concepts of TOD, indication of the necessity of exploiting the advantages of efficient public transportation in development of urban fabrics, and presentation of Community Urban Design Process with Emphasis on TOD.