فهم عوامل طلاق از منظر مردان و زنان در معرض طلاق و طلاق گرفته مطالعه موردي شهر سقز

Understanding Causes of Divorce from the Viewpoints of the Divorced and Divorcing Couples (the Case of Saghez City)

هدف اين مقاله كنكاش در خصوص فهم مردان و زنان در معرض طلاق و طلاق گرفته، از مساله طلاق است. براين اساس، تلاش شده است تا ابعاد و عوامل موثر بر طلاق از منظر افراد فوق‏الذكر با رويكردي برساخت گرايانه بررسي نشود. براي اين منظور، ازروش تحقيق كيفي و تكنيك مصاحبه، ژرف براي جمع آوري داده ها استفاده شده است. مصاحبه شوندگان اين پژوهش، با به كارگيري روش گلوله برفي از ميان مردان و زنان در معرض طلاق و طلاق گرفته انتخاب شده‏اند و براي تجزيه و تحليل اطلاعات و ارايه نظريه نهايي، از اسلوب نظريه زمينه اي (GT) بهره‏برداري شده است. داده‏هاي به دست آمده به شكل‏گيري مفاهيم ناظر براختلالات رفتاري، نهادها و ارزش هاي جديد، حمايت نهادي، عدم شناخت قبل از ازدواج، ضعف اقتصادي و تفاوت هاي فرهنگي- طبقاتي زوجين به عنوان عوامل موثر بر طلاق از ديدگاه افراد موضوع بحث منتهي شده است. اين مفاهيم به طور كلي در سه مقوله محوري شرايطي، تعاملي و پيامدي تقسيم بندي شده‏اند. به عبارت ديگر، شرايط اجتماعي خاصي زمينه بروز انواع خاصي از كنش ها و تعاملات بوده و اين كنش هاي متقابل، زمينه‏ساز ايجاد نوع خاصي از نگرش نسبت به طلاق شده است. مفهوم هسته‏اي در اين پژوهش كه در برگيرنده تمامي مفاهيم به دست آمده است، مفهوم غلبه نسبي ارزش هاي جديد است. بر همين اساس، مي‏توان گفت حضور ارزش هاي نوين تا اندازه زيادي مبناي تعاملات افراد نمونه بوده، نگرش هاي آنها را در خصوص طلاق تحت تاثير قرار مي دهد.

Introduction Due to the increasing number of divorces at global and local levels, research on effective variables in this regard is sociologically important. In this article variables assumed to be responsible for increasing divorce rates are taken into consideration. These reasons are from the viewpoint of the divorced and divorcing couples in the city of Saghez. Material and Methods In this study social constructivism is used as methodological approach. Therefore, the vision of divorced or divorcing individuals about effective variables were very important to our consideration. We interviewed these people and asked them to explain the why they decided to get a divorce. We chose Saghez city in the Kurdistan Province as our research location and began to interview divorcing and divorced couples to discover their point of views about the meaning of divorce and their interpretation of the causes of divorce based on their own experiences. So the data which were collected in this qualitative research were the product of such interviews with 40 divorcing or divorced individuals in the city of Saghez. The collected data has been processed and analyzed in the framework of Grounded Theory to discover effective variables in explanation of divorce as a social construction. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The findings of this research demonstrate that the causes of divorce in the viewpoint of divorcing and divorced couples can be categorized as follow: Behavioral Disorders: In the viewpoint of women physical violence, humiliation, abusive treatment, intimidation, mistrust, and putting in isolation are the main causes of divorce; while in menʹs point of view humiliation and inattention, complaining about economic matters, mistrust, and looking for unjustified excuses are the main reasons that they want to get a divorce. Modern Institutions and Values: based on the statements of couples in question, it can be said that the traditional framework of thinking in regard to marriage has been weakened among research subjects. In such a framework marriage could not be disintegrated simply. But as a result of modernization process, traditional values are being replaced by modern values. Then nowadays couples despite the traditional values do not tolerate family life if it is against their own individual interests. So couples have accepted divorce as one of the legitimate solutions to their family difficulties. This trend has affected the women in particular. Development of universities and social contacts in sport and cultural clubs, media and specifically watching satellite TV all play very important roles in this regard. In sum, expectations of couples in so many areas of life, even in sexual relationships, are changing and transform the situation from traditional to modern. Based on this trend, a lot of crises are being produced in marital relationships and family life. Institutional Support: some of the interviewed couples referred to the support of family and the law system as a variable by which they can go through a divorce. In other words, in the absence of such support, divorce cannot be easily accessible. Insufficient Familiarity before Marriage: most of the couples thought that if they were more familiar with their spouses before marriage, they would have not gotten married with them in the first place. Then these divorces are unavoidable. Economic Inadequacies: unemployment and financial problems are the main causes of divorce in some cases. Some couples referred to this factor as an important variable in their decision to divorce. Cultural and Class Differences: some of the divorcing and divorced couples referred to cultural, religious and class differences as an effective variable. In their point of views, if similarities in this area were more, the divorce wouldn’t be occurred in their marital life. By paying a close attention to these variables, it can be said that there are multiple circumstances under which a divorce can occur. Also, each person has some specific experience of divorce and narrates his or her special story of it, focusing on some causes which are more important for that person. By analyzing these variables, we discovered that all of them are relatively products of a second variable i.e."Modern Institutions and Values". It can be said that the couples in question are under the impact of modernization process and their mentality is under the impact of modern values. Because of such cultural orientation, they think about any subject in a modern framework of thought and it is clear that this kind of thinking is very different from traditional thinking. Then these couples can accept divorce faster and more easily than before.