توجه به اعلاميه حقوق بشر در ايران و عثماني قرن نوزدهم

Attention to Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 19th Century Iran and Ottoman Empire

چكيده در نيمه دوم قرن نوزدهم، انديشمندان ايران و عثماني با الگوگيري از جوامع غربي به فكر تدوين حقوق فردي و عمومي دو جامعه افتادند و سعي كردند آن حقوق را از مباني حقوق غربي استنباط نمايند. علي سعاوي از عثماني و ميرزا يوسف‌خان مستشارالدوله از ايران از جمله اين انديشمندان بودند. آنها براي تدوين حقوق فردي و عمومي‌شهروندان ايران و عثماني، اعلاميه حقوق بشر در مقدمه قانون اساسي فرانسه در سال 1789م را مبنا قرار دادند و با مطالعه تغييرات اعلاميه و قانون اساسي فرانسه از سال 1789 تا 1852م اصول اساسي آن را در نوزده اصل خلاصه و ارايه كردند. نحوه رويكرد همزمان اين دو انديشمند به اعلاميه حقوق بشر و قوانين اساسي فرانسه، مساله‌اي است كه در اين مقاله با استفاده از آثار دو انديشمند، منابع تاريخي آن دوره و تحقيقات، مورد بررسي قرار مي‌گيرد. بنابراين در مقاله حاضر اصول نوزده‌گانه سعاوي و مستشارالدوله در مقايسه‌اي تطبيقي با يكديگر و اعلاميه حقوق بشر و قوانين اساسي فرانسه از 1789 تا 1852م بررسي مي‌گردد و مباني آن اصول در اعلاميه حقوق بشر و قوانين اساسي فرانسه و همچنين پيوند آنها با يكديگر مشخص مي‌شوند.

Abstract In the second half of the 19th century, having been inspired by Western communities, Iranian and Ottoman intellectuals started to think of establishing individual and social rights for their societies, and they tried to infer these rights from the principles of Western law. Among these intellectuals were Ali Suavi from the Ottoman Empire and Mirza Yusof Khan Mostashar ad-Dowla from Iran. In order to establish individual and social rights for Iranian and Ottoman citizens, they based their work on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in the preamble to the French Constitution 1789, and having studied the changes made to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the French Constitution from 1789 to 1852, they summarized and presented the main tenets in nineteen principles. This article researches the attitude of these two intellectuals to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the French Constitution, using the works of the two intellectuals, the historical sources of the time and research findings. Therefore, the nineteen principles extracted by Suavi and Mostashar ad-Dowla are researched by comparing the principles, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the French Constitution from 1789 to 1852, and an attempt is made to clarify the bases of these principles in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen and the French Constitution as well as the relationship between these two.