كليدواژه :
طراحي پايدار , اصول فني ساخت و ساز , شمال ايران , فيزيك ساختمان , معماري بومي
چكيده لاتين :
Lahijan vernacular settlement which is called “shikili” houses, located in northern Iran, can be imagined as a living organism which is the outcome of centuries of optimization of material use, construction techniques and climate considerations. The vernacular and traditional buildings in every area are a product of the accumulated experience and practice of many centuries and can constitute a continuous source of knowledge. The use of local materials and the harmonization with the local environment and climate are some of the factors, which contribute to the distinct architectural identity of every area.
This is the main reason why various researchers have examined traditional and vernacular buildings throughout the world with respect to bioclimatic and environmental architecture. Bioclimatic design employs appropriate technologies and design principles based on a scholarly approach to climate and environment. This very type of designing is concerned with the layout of the building orientation in relation to the sun and the wind, aspect ratio), the spacing (site planning), the air movement, the openings (size–position, protection), and the building envelope (walls: construction materials-thickness, roof construction detailing). The vernacular architecture of Lahijan may be defined as bioclimatic since, it can be argued, the traditional builders of Lahijan understood bioclimatic concepts.
These researches deal with the subject of the environmental performance of traditional architecture in two different ways: qualitatively and quantitatively. This study focuses on the villages of Lahijan, in an attempt to detect, document and analyse the design principles and the elements of its traditional architecture of the 20th century. It should be noted that the term “traditional” is preferred over the commonly-used term “vernacular” because the buildings in question form part of an architecture, which was not spontaneously constructed by its inhabitants according to their needs, but was instead built by master-builders using specific draft drawings and model plans. Rapoport uses the term “pre-industrial vernacular” to describe this category of buildings identifying it with the term “traditional”.
The study is mainly based on a large-scale in situ research, which included the documentation of (26) vernacular wooden buildings. These building are actually the only ones that remain from the period of the 20th century. From this research, data concerning the typology, the form, the materials and the construction techniques of the buildings are presented. Bibliographic research is also used for the presentation of the general data of the study area (geographic location, climate, topography, ground composition, historical data), which, due to the restricted size of the paper, are briefly presented.
First, the different aspects of the vernacular architecture, namely the typology, Site planning, Construction materials and techniques, are analysed. After that, the design variables proposed by Mahoney as the ones that promote the creation of buildings responsive to the climate such as Layout, Spacing, Air movement, Openings, Building envelope, are analysed in the corresponding paragraphs. Finally, conclusions are drawn in order to outline the design principles, which characterized this architecture and can be integrated to the refurbishment of existing buildings or the design of new ones in traditional surroundings.
