بررسي و ارزيابي سرمايه اجتماعي و عوامل موثر بر آن در بين روستاييان (مطالعه موردي: منطقه اورامانات استان كرمانشاه)

(An evaluation of social capital and its influencing factors among villagers of Kermanshah province (Case study: Uramanat Region

هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر كه از نوع مطالعه توصيفي ـ همبستگي است، بررسي و تحليل سرمايه اجتماعي و شناسايي عوامل موثر بر آن درميان روستاييان منطقه اورامانات است. جامعه آماري اين تحقيق، 22279 خانوار روستايي ساكن در چهار شهرستان واقع در منطقه اورامانات استان كرمانشاه هستند كه به روش نمونه گيري طبقه اي و با استفاده از فرمول كوكران، 280 خانوار به عنوان نمونه آماري انتخاب شدند. ابزار تحقيق، پرسش نامه بود كه روايي و پايايي آن با انجام پيش آزمون و تحليل داده هاي پرسش نامه يادشده و محاسبه ضريب KMO و ضريب آلفاي كرونباخ تاييد شد. براي تجزيه وتحليل از آمار توصيفي و استنباطي استفاده شد. همه محاسبات آماري اين پژوهش به وسيله نرم افزار SPSS انجام شد. نتايج رگرسيون چندمتغيره نشان داد كه 9/55% (559/0 =R2) از واريانس تغييرات متغير وابسته، توسط 6 متغير مستقل سن، سطح اراضي، رضايت كلي از زندگي، درصد درآمد از شغل اصلي و شغل راننده تبيين مي شود.

1. INTRODUCTION Social capital is the key to a civil society and the lack of social capital is a formidable barrier to creation and deployment of such a society (Haji pour, 2006:43-44), it has had a major impact on rural development process, and it will have a significant impact on rural development, if it is enhanced and optimized (Miri & et al, 2009:30). Thus, social capital is considered a basic principle for achieving sustainable development. Successful states and government are those that can adopt necessary policies and provide appropriate solutions to increase the production and development of social capital. Therefore, with regard to great impacts of social capital on development process and sustainable development of rural communities, this study, selecting the rural areas of Uramanat region in Kermanshah Province, sought to answer the following questions: In what level is the social capital among the villagers of Uramanat region? And what are its influencing factors? 2. METHODOLOGY This study is a descriptive-correlational one. Data were collected through library research methods and fieldworks. The statistical population consisted of 22279 households, living in 492 villages in Uramanat region. To estimate the sample size, Cochran formula has been used with the confidence level of 95% (p&q=0.05) and the error probability of d=0.07. 263 households were selected by multi-stage stratified sampling. However, due to variations in total number of the villages, and in order to increase the accuracy of the research and avoid errors, we decided to add 5 % to the sample size. Therefore, to evaluate the level of social capital and its influencing factors in the villages of Uramanat region, 280 people (Head of households) were questioned. Four townships comprised the classes of this study. After data collection and processing them in SPSS software, we came to data analysis and explanation of the subject of the study. 3. DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Based on the results of one sample T-test, the mean value of the social capital of the villagers in the study area was 3.9 which is close to average social capital of the villagers (3). This shows that the social capital of the villagers of Uramanat region was evaluated as moderate to more than average (Tables 1 and 2). Tables 1- The levels of Frequency, frequency percentage of social capital among the villagers of the study area Levels of social capital Frequency frequency percentage Cumulative frequency Very low 3 1.1 1.1 Low 17 6.1 7.1 Medium 47 16.8 23.9 High 150 53.6 77.5 Very High 63 22.5 100 Total 280 100 - Mean= 3.9 S.d= 0.851 Maximum= 5 Minimum= 1 Tables 2- The results of one-sample T-test of the social capital among the villagers of the study area Test Value = 3 Social Capital t df sig Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference Lower Upper 17.752 279 0.000 0.903 0.803 0.1 To determine the relative contribution of the independent variables (factors influencing the social capital of villagers of Uramanat region) to dependent variable (social capital of villagers), stepwise logistic regression was used. The study results show that five variables simultaneously affect the social capital of villagers in Uramanat region. The multiple correlation coefficient R=0.756 and determination coefficient R2=0.559 show that 55.9% of the variations in dependent variable are explained by proposed independent variables (Table-3). According to the study results summarized in Table 3, the linear equation obtained from regression analysis is as follows: x5 - 0.354 x0.008 + x3 0.227+ x2 0.065+ - 0.091 x1 3.115 Y= Y= the social capital of villagers, x1= Age, x2= land area, x3= overall satisfaction with life, x4= percentage of income from the main job, x5= driving as a job. (Table-3)- The results of multiple regression analysis sig T Beta Coefficient Variables 0.000 8.235 - 3.115 Constant coefficient 0.000 -4.11 -0.221 -0.019 Age 0.000 5.378 0.292 0.065 level land 0.000 6.515 0.36 0.227 overall satisfaction with life 0.011 2.553 0.14 0.008 percentage of income from main job 0.030 -2.184 -0.119 -0.354 Driving as a job Sig= 0.000 19.365= F R2=0.559 R=0.756 - Judgment on the contribution of each of the five variables namely “age, land area, overall satisfaction with life, percentage of income from the main job, driving as a job” in explaining the dependent variable should be assigned to Beta values, because these values are standardized and make it possible to compare and determine the relative contribution of each variable. Based on obtained beta for the variable of age, per unit change in standard deviation, this variable changes -0.221 in the standard deviation of the dependent variable (social capital of the villagers). The second variable that has the largest effect on the standard deviation of the dependent variable is the variable of satisfaction that per unit change in standard deviation, this variable changes -0.019 in the standard deviation of the dependent variable (social capital of the villagers). Based on the results summarized in Table 1 and 2, the social capital of the villagers in Uramanat region is moderate to more than average. Thus, according to research findings, it can be concluded that factors affecting the variables of social capital of the villagers in Uramanat region were so poor that produced such results. To better understand the reasons behind such results, one should investigate the components of social capital variables. Therefore, it is suggested that the contribution of each of the five variables of age, land area, overall satisfaction with life, percentage of income from the main job and driving as a job in explaining the dependent variable should be investigated by planners of rural development, because these five variables have exerted major impacts on the rise and decline of social capital among the villagers of Uramanat region.