تحليل حقوقي ماهيت قرارداد درمان

Jurisprudence and legal nature of the treatment (cure)

وضعيت خاص قراردادهاي پزشكي و شرايط و ويژگي‌هاي آن به گونه‌اي است كه نمي‌توان آنها را در چارچوب عقود معيّن مورد مطالعه قرارد داد؛ از اين رو به نظر مي‌رسد كه از نظر حقوقي، قرارداد پزشكي نوعي عقد نامعيّن است كه با تكيه بر مفاد ماده 10 قانون مدني، شرايط ويژه و تعهدات خاص قراردادهاي درمان را داراست كه بر طبق توافق طرفين لازم‌الاجرا است. هرچند كه اعتقاد به اجاره بودن ماهيت قرارداد معالجه، يكي از پر طرفدارترين نظريه در ميان فقها محسوب مي‌شود كه در عمل نيز بيشتر احكام و روابط ميان پزشك و بيمار در قالب آن تبيين مي‌شود اما يكي از مهمترين علت ناسازگاري آن با عقد معالجه، در جايز بودن عقد معالجه از طرف بيمار (ماده 13 آيين نامه تخلفات صنفي پزشكان) است در حالي كه عقد اجاره مبتني بر لزوم طرفين است. بطلان نظريه وكالت يا پيمانكاري بودن عقد قرارداد معالجه نيز روشن مي‌باشد اما اعتقاد به جعاله بودن قرارداد معالجه با توجه به وسعتي كه در جعاله وجود دارد از طرفداري فقها و حقوقدانان زيادي سود مي‌برد.

Medical contracts and its responsibilities are one of the under studied significant discussions in medical law. Special conditions of medical contracts and their requirements are in a way that could not be placed in a specified contractsʹ framework. Thus, it seems that in the legal perspective, medical contract is a kind of unspecified contract, relying on article of civil law, moreover to general rules of the contracts, including special requirements and commitments of therapeutic contracts, which are binding and effective in accordance with partiesʹ agreement. Iranian legislation have compiled general principals of medical responsibility in thus, doctorsʹ contractual responsibility is one the significant discussions, according to perspective of some of the lawyers, considering general principal of commitment to obligate the doctor to compensate the damages, the doctorsʹ failure should be proved. This perspective is criticized for the type of external factor interference and its influence on the doctorsʹ failure. On the other hand, in treatment contracts, position and role of patient permission and his satisfaction towards the physician acts and guiltlessness of the physician of the possible damages and other conditions and contracts about responsibility could be studied. These agreements and mutual consent have an important role in shirking of the physician and his guiltlessness of guarantee and sometimes replacement of proof load and establishing of medical failure and changing of objective responsibility to failure responsibility are necessary. Thus, in the present study, it is tried to evaluate the contracts nature, explanation and their acceptance and dominance, according to legal and jural basis.