جريانهاي فقهي سده دوم هجري و اثر آنها بر تحول مفهوم سنت

Juridical Thoughts at the 2nd Century AH and Their Influence on the Evolution of the Islamic Concept of “Sunna”

سنت، مفهومي به قِدْمَتِ تاريخ اسلام است و همچون همه مفاهيم كهن ديگر، جا دارد پرسيده شود گذشت زمان چه اثري بر تغيير معناي آن داشته است. به نظر مي‌رسد عمده تحولات احتمالي معناي آن در دو سده نخست هجري و به‌ويژه، سده دوم ـ عصر شكل‌گيري علوم اسلامي ـ روي داده، و بعدها معناي اين اصطلاح كليدي در علوم اسلامي مختلف، از پايداري بيشتري برخوردار گرديده است. براي درك بهينه اين مفهوم لازم است كه تحولات آن در دو سده نخست هجري، و هم، رابطه ميان مفهوم متاخر اصطلاح با مفاهيم پيشين آن كاويده شود؛ همچنان كه بايد جريانهاي اجتماعي مختلفي را شناسايي كرد كه چنين تحولاتي را پديد آوردند، يا از آنها حمايت كردند. بدين منظور، بناست كه در اين مطالعه مفهوم و جايگاه سنت نبوي را در نظام فكري اصحاب اثر، اصحاب حديث متقدم، اصحاب راي، و مكتب فكري امام صادق (ع) از رويكرد تاريخ انگاره‌ها بازشناسيم. اثر اين مكاتب فكري بر تحول مفهوم سنت از آن رو شايان توجه است كه همه اين مكاتب در سده 2ق و عصر پايه‌گذاري علوم مختلف اسلامي ظهور كردند و مفهوم تثبيت شده سنت كه در عصرهاي بعد رواج كامل يافت، از كوششهاي فكري و تعاملات آنها اثر پذيرفت.

Tradition is a concept with a background as old as the history of Islam and like other ancient concepts needs to be investigated to know what sort of effects the passage of time has imposed on its meaning. It seems that the major evolution in its meaning has occurred during the first two centuries AH, the time in which most Islamic sciences were formed. Apparently later the term remained as a stable concept in all Islamic sciences. For a more efficient understanding of the concept, it is necessary to: analyze the concept evolutions occurred in the first two centuries and to trace the relation between its new and old meanings. Also different social currents by which such evolutions in meaning were imposed or supported ought to be identified. For this purpose, this essay is aimed at investigating the concept and function of the term prophetic tradition from the perspective of the schools like Partisans of Athar, old Partisans of Hadith, Partisans of intellectual reasoning and the intellectual school of Imam Sadiq, through an approach in history of ideas. The influence of such schools of thought on the evolution of the concept of tradition is significant due to the fact that all these schools were established during the second century AH, the century marked as the formative period of Islamic sciences. The more stabilized meaning of tradition in later centuries was the result of the efforts made by the scholars in the previous centuries.