فرضيّه تعلّق «نوفل» در ليلي ‌و مجنون به گروه عيّاران و فتيان

A Theory about Relating Noofel to Ayyār and Fetyān’s Group in Leili and Mjnoon

هدف از پژوهش حاضر شناخت و تحليل شخصيت نوفل و طبقه اجتماعي او در ليلي‌ و مجنون و بررسي نقش اين شخصيت‌گذاري در جريان رويدادها بوده است. اين پژوهش به روش كتابخانه اي و در دو بخش انجام يافته است: در بخش آغازين، به جريان مستقلّ ادب عيّاري و مرام جوانمردي از دوران پيش از اسلام تا كنون و نخستين نمودهاي مكتوب اين جريان در آثاري چون سمك عيّار، داراب‌نامه، حمزه‌نامه، ابومسلم نامه، اميرارسلان و... توجّه شده است. بدين منظور، نگارندگان ابتدا نگاهي به اصطلاح «عيّار» داشته، سپس آيين و مرام اخلاقي- اجتماعي اين گروه را به‌اجمال بررسيده‌اند؛ بخش دوم بر بازخواني و بازشناسي شخصيّت نوفل در ليلي ‌و مجنون تاكيد مي‌كند. هرچند تا امروز شناخت شخصيّت نوفل -به دليل فقر پژوهشي موجود در ادب عيّاري- ضرورتي تحقيقي نبوده، كيستي نوفل و هدف و انگيزه او در كمك به مجنون همواره سوالي اساسي بوده است و اينكه چرا وي پس از رفع موانع و جنگ هايي كه با قبيله ليلي دارد، با وجود پيروزي بر آنان، حاضر نمي‌شود به ‌ظلم و بدون رضايت پدر، ليلي را به مجنون بسپارد و جوانمردي را شيوه خود مي داند. درمجموع، اين مقاله كوشيده است در ليلي ‌و مجنون حكيم نظامي، با تكيه بر نشانه-هاي مشهود و مستقيمي كه در مورد شخصيّت نوفل، مرام و آيين او و طبقه اجتماعي اش وجود دارد، به بررسي تطبيقي اين نمودها با آيين فتوّت و عيّاري بپردازد و به پرسش‌ها و ابهامات در اين زمينه پاسخ گويد. برآيند كلّي اين پژوهش آن است كه نوفل در ليلي ‌و مجنون به عيّاران و فتيان تعلّق دارد.

Ayy?r that named with some other titles like Feta, Javanmard and Akhi is one of the most important and impressive motives of Iran’s history. Maybe the forming time of Ayy?r goes back to Sassanid age or before this era. The word of Ayy?r likes the other resembling its samples has two different meanings (good and bad). In awful, means thief, pitiless and…, in good meaning is a generous, kind and brave person who helps people in problems. Ayy?ri as a social movement from preIslamic period to after this time have passed very different conditions and its rituals extended into many literary and unliterary materials and in literary materials have been considered in two processes (epic texts and mystical instructions called Fotowatname). Ayy?ri customs and beliefs divided into parts of moral principles and abilities. Using these customs and beliefs, this paper has attempted to prove that Noofel in Leili va Mjnoon is an Ayy?r. Leili va Mjnoon is a description of love between Qeis, son of Amer, and Leili but Arabic fanaticism made obstacles between them. At last Leili’s father made her marry to another person named ‘Ibn Salam’, and Qeis didn’t get married until his death. Before Ebn Salam’s marriage, Noofel endeavored to help Qeis by fighting against Leili’s father tribe but finally abandoning from this deed. In the end, Leili died and afterwards Majnoon died beside her grave. Many researchers studied Leili va Mjnoon though neither of them didn’t pay attention to Noofelʹs character and his deeds, so if students ask any question about it, we don’t have any suitable answer to prove that Noofel is an Ayy?r. This necessity leads to prove this theory. In Leili va Mjnoon, Nezami introduced Noofel character with qualified Ayy?ri adjectives: Kindness, being experienced and courageous, a wealthy person who didn’t steal. Noofel swore to help Mjnoon even this action ended to his death. In this process, Noofel didn’t have any expectation from Mjnoon. Swear wine (in Persian called “Shadnooshi”) as a symbol of brotherhood treaty and Ayy?r’s storytelling ability and tradition of eating fellowships with together were the important Ayy?r’s rituals that we found these signs in Noofel’s story. Ayy?r?n as a moral population always have a collective life and leader of them named “Ostad” that the others obey him, this condition obviously exist in Noofel’s story. In this story, Nizami signed to Ayy?r’s black wear (called Shabravi Shirt) over and over. Of the other Ayy?r’s abilities that found in Noofel’s story is Ayy?r’s opportunism or cleverness. Noofel in the first battle against Leili’s father tribe disclosed this ability, when he understood that couldn’t fight with the other Leili’s tribe, pretended to peace and afterwards when he could become stronger fight again. The most important part of Noofel’s story when disclosed that he defeat Leili’s father tribe in war, Noofel could give Leili to Mjnoon obligatory but didn’t do this.