الگويي براي طراحي مسكن روستايي مبتني بر مشاركت و تامين نيازهاي ساكنين

Developing an architectural pattern for rural housing based on a participatory approach

اين پژوهش با هدف ارتقاي كيفي مسكن روستايي كشور، به‌دنبال ارايه راهكاري عملياتي براي مشاركت ساكنين در طراحي مسكن روستايي در يك منطقه مشخص از ايران بوده‌است. منطقه انتخابي روستاي بالقيه در شهرستان مشكين‌شهر مي‌باشد. دراين راستا، مباحثي در زمينه مشاركت ساكنين از برخي نظريه‌پردازاني كه در اين چارچوب مطالعه و فعاليت كرده‌اند، طرح ‌شده و تعريفي از مفهوم الگو در معماري مسكوني ارايه شده ‌است. همچنين مهم‌ترين موانع راهكارهاي مشاركتي در طراحي مسكن برشمرده شده است. تاكيد اين بخش بر اهميت نظرات استفاده‌كننده و مشاركت ايشان در فرايند طراحي و ساخت مسكن بوده ‌است. با توجه به آن‌كه ارايه الگوي طرح مسكن بخشي از فرايند ساخت مسكن محسوب مي‌شود و اجراي طرح مطلوب منوط به ايجاد بستر مناسب درخصوص آن است، در اين بخش، ارايه الگوي ساخت در روستا، به دو سطح تقسيم شده است: الف. ارايه روش مديريتي و اجرايي و به عبارت ديگر برنامه ريزي ساخت‌وساز در روستا كه فرايندي را تعريف مي‌نمايد كه طرح خانه بخشي از آن محسوب مي‌شود. ب. اعمال برنامه‌ريزي انجام شده در يك خانه روستايي مشخص. در ادامه به منظور معرفي شيوه‌اي عملياتي براي جذب مشاركت ساكنين در فرايند معماري، طراحي خانه نمونه با كمك ساكنين در روستاي مطالعه شده انجام شده است. ضمن تحليل وضع موجود خانه نمونه و خواست‌هاي ساكنين، فرايند طراحي تشريح شده و طرح نمونه ارايه شده است. در نهايت راهكارهايي كه در جهت حل موانع استفاده از راهكارهاي مشاركتي در اين فرايند مورد استفاده قرار گرفته، جمع‌بندي و ارايه شده ‌است.

The main objective of this research is developing the quality of rural housing in Iran. To fulfill this objective, a participatory action plan has been proposed for construction of a rural dwelling in a specific village (as a sample). At the first step, based on the literature review, rural housing pattern has been identified. Then, different approaches of people participation in housing construction have been studied and a theoretical frame work has been developed. Accordingly, the feasibility of participation approach in rural housing in Iran has been discussed. As the architectural design is a part of rural housing construction process and providing a desirable house depends on a comprehensive planning, a rural housing pattern has been presented in two levels: 1. Presenting project management plan which defines a process including architectural design. 2. Realization of the action plan Although for an appropriate design, all the steps defined earlier in this process need to be applied, but applying the first step was approximately impossible due to many limitations faced in a research. For the second step based on a model including strategic planning and organizing design, a field study has been carried out in a given house located in Baloqyah Village in Meshkin Shahr. Baloqyah is located in the foothill and has cold and long winters. In the sample house which has been considered for the pilot project, a family of seven members was living. Farming was the main livelihood of the family. The house composed of two residential buildings (old and new), a barn and the related equipment. The most important objectives of field studies were: - Studying vernacular architecture and residentsʹ lifestyle - Evaluating the performance of residential and farming units - Understanding the needs and desires of residents - Climatic evaluation of buildings Finally, desirability of the house from the residentsʹ viewpoints has been evaluated through several checklists. To examine the suggested method presented in this paper, an ideal plan for a house has been developed. This has been done with the help of local people. In this procedure a layout has been provided in interaction with the residents and then, architectural drawings have been presented. Final plans have been provided by applying residents’ opinions. Accordingly, the positive and negative points of the given plans have been discussed by both the experts and the local people. Regarding the outcomes of pilot project, some instructions for enhancing inhabitantsʹ participation in rural housing have been given.