شناخت، تحليل و گونه شناسي برج هاي كشتخواني ميبد

Identification, Analysis and Typology of Multi-Function Towers (Borjhayeh Keshtkhani) of Meybod

شهر ميبد همچون ساير شهرهاي باستاني ايران داراي نظام شهرسازي ساساني براساس كهن الگوي كهندژ، شارستان و بيرونه مي‌باشد. كشتخوان‌ها، خارج از حصار شارستان، در ميان آبادي‌ها (بيرونه‌ها) شكل گرفته‌اند و از همان آغاز با حيات شهر ارتباط تنگاتنگي داشته‌اند و در اين ميان كشاورزي و دامداري به عنوان اصلي ترين شيوه معيشت ساكنان در شكل‌گيري باغ شهر ميبد نقش مهمي را ايفا مي‌نمود به گونه اي كه با گسترش شهر و شكل گيري آبادي‌ها (بيرونه‌ها)، نياز به فضاهايي بود كه در امر كشاورزي و باغداري ياري‌رسان كشاورزان باشند و در نهايت موجب پيدايش برج‌هاي كشتخواني در ميان كشتزارها و باغات گرديد و اين امر حكايت از اهميت برج ها در بعد اقتصادي، اجتماعي و سياسي آن زمان دارد. از آن‌جايي كه در گستره مطالعات تاريخي ايران اين موضوع تقريباً از چشم پژوهشگران پوشيده مانده است، در اين نوشتار ده نمونه از اين گونه آثار كه در سطح منطقه ميبد پراكنده هستند با روش ميداني و مصاحبه با آگاهان محلي شناسايي گرديده و سعي بر آن شده است تا در دو گام، معرفي و تحليل اين گونه معماري صورت گيرد. در ابتدا با معرفي فضاهاي تشكيل دهنده يك برج كشتخواني به بررسي پيشينه شكل‌گيري، نحوه نامگذاري و عوامل موثر در مكان‌يابي برج‌ها پرداخته مي‌شود و سپس رابطه معماري با اين گونه از منظر كالبدي-محيطي بررسي مي‌گردد. در پايان ديده مي‌شود كه برج‌هاي كشتخواني، عناصري چند عملكردي با تركيب دو كالبد گمبه و ميل هستند و چنين انديشه جامع گرايي از نظر محيطي، كالبدي، عملكردي و غيره تنها در استادكار معمار مي تواند متجلي شود كه خود نيز با اين شيوه‌ معيشت (كشاورزي) عجين شده و به آن مبادرت ورزيده باشد تا بتواند تجربه و دانش بومي خود را سينه به سينه از نسلي به نسل بعد منتقل سازد

The city of Meybod, such as other ancient cities of Iran has a Sassanid city planning system based on the ancient pattern of old stronghold (kohan dej), city (sharestan) and exterior( bironeh). Multi-function towers, outside the extent of the city, have taken shape in between the exteriors and from the very beginning had a correlation with the city’s life. In the meantime, agriculture and animal husbandry as the main livelihood of residents in formation of Meybod garden city played an important role. The existence of a proper environmental bed in the history of this region led to developing the Garden City of Meybod and relative independence of its surrounding oasis and consequently according to this extent, the complexity of the livelihood affairs improved. Then the necessary fields and facilities added to create the system of agriculture and horticulture region. The need for spaces that would help farmers in agriculture and horticulture system led to the emergence of numerous species of vernacular architecture with livelihood performance. One of these species is multi-function towers in the farms and gardens that are glaring. Since in the widespread historical studies in Iran, this matter is almost neglected by the researchers, in this study ten examples of the works that are scattered on the regional area of Meybod, have been identified by the field method and interviews with local experts and in two steps have been tried to introduce and analyze this type of architecture. At first, with the introduction of spaces forming a multi-function tower, we will explore the history of the formation, its naming method and factors affecting on how to locate towers and then the relationship of architecture with this species from the perspective of physical –environmental will be checked out. At the end, it can be seen that the Keshtkhan towers are multifunctional elements by combining two physical pillar and dome that have a circular plan of two-storey and have been covered with domed ceilings. The performance of these buildings in all the seasons of the year is as daylong and matched with the multiple needs of agriculture and farmers who are in charge of water management, the protection of the product, the field watchmen and farmersʹ resting place and etc. In addition to the functional aspects they are beautiful. Such a comprehensive thought in terms of physical, functional, environmental and so on can only be mirrored in the architect craftsman who is concerned with this way of livelihood (agriculture) and also suffused with it. Duplicating geometric patterns in multi-function towers is the reason of the existence of the ancient roots in this land. These old patterns have been transferred chest to chest from masters to students and have evolved in each course of time.