انگاره زيست پذيري رهيافتي نوين جهت ارتقاي كيفيت زندگي در جوامع روستايي (مطالعه موردي: شهرستان قم، بخش كهك)

The notion of livability: a new approach in improvement of quality of life in rural communities- Case study: Qom County, Kahak District

بهبود كيفيت زندگي در جوامع روستايي، هدف غايي برنامه ها و پروژه هاي توسعه روستايي است. اما در حال حاضر شرايط نامناسب زندگي در سكونتگاه هاي روستايي كشور ما موجب نابرخورداري بخش عمده اي از هموطنان از كيفيت زندگي مطلوب شده است. از اين رو هدف كلي اين تحقيق، شناسايي شاخص‌هاي جوامع روستايي زيست‌پذير و ارزيابي اين شرايط در وضع موجود در سكونتگاه-هاي روستايي بخش كهك شهرستان قم بود. جامعه آماري تحقيق شامل كليه‏ ساكنان دايمي در 9 روستاي بخش كهك شهرستان قم (N=6935) بودند. تعداد364 نفر از آن‏ها به روش نمونه‏گيري تصادفي طبقه‏اي براي مطالعه انتخاب شدند. نتايج نشان مي دهد شاخص هاي اقتصادي نظير شغل، سطح درآمد، ميزان پس انداز و ....، در ميان ساير معيارها، تاثير به سزايي در تعيين ميزان زيست پذيري در نواحي روستايي اين بخش داشته است. به علاوه، نتايج آزمون مقايسه تطبيقي سكونتگاه ها با استفاده از آزمون توكي و دانت نيز نشان مي دهد با وجود آن كه برخي از روستاها داراي جمعيت وخدمات و امكانات بيشتري هستند، اما از لحاظ زيست پذيري (كيفيت شرايط زندگي) در سطح پايين تري نسبت به نقاط روستايي كم جمعيت تر قرار دارند. بنابراين رفع چالش هاي اقتصادي و توانمندسازي روستاييان براي بهبود كيفيت زندگي و كاهش تفاوت در شرايط زندگي، اصلي ترين عامل زيست‌پذيري سكونتگاه هاي روستايي به شمار مي رود.

Transition from growth concept to the concept of development among policy makers and planners has been aimed for overcoming the challenges emerged due to economic growth programs and neglecting social and cultural aspects in many human settlements. In fact, lack of attention to social, economic and cultural aspects in the process of growth led to posing life quality issue in the process of development among planners. Hence, improvement of life quality in rural communities became the ultimate goal of rural development projects and plans. But the main prerequisite of achieving this goal is providing suitable conditions for living (livability) that can pave the way for life quality improvement in rural communities. Currently, low quality of living conditions in rural settlements of our country has deprived many of people from suitable living quality and this can be a reason for population reduction. Since different interpretations have been presented for livability and its indices, the present study aims to identify livable rural communities’ indices and also evaluate these conditions in present situation in rural settlements of Kahak area of Qom Province. The method of present research is descriptive-analytical and document and survey investigations were selected as techniques of this study. Statistical population of this research include all permanent residents of 9 villages of Kahak area in Qom Province (N = 6935) of which 364 individuals were selected through categorical random sampling. Results indicate that economic indices such as job, income level, saving rate, etc. among other criteria have significant contribution in determination of livability degree in rural areas of this region. Moreover, the results of adaptive comparison of settlements using Tukey and Dunnette test indicated that although some villages have more population and services and facilities, they suffer lower livability than other less population villages (life conditions quality). Therefore, elimination of economic challenges and enabling the villagers to improve their living quality and reduce differences in living conditions is the most important livability factor in rural settlements. On the other hand, continuity of present conditions, such as making villages hierarchical in order to provide required services and facilities for villages cannot be regarded a suitable policy for improving living conditions in villages; because under such conditions, economic dynamism and competition among rural settlements in attracting private sector capital and opportunities of high level services attraction would be impossible. Hence, only by improving some indices it cannot be expected that sufficient dynamism is provided for sustainability in new period and living quality and quantity needed to be improved in any village considering their potentials.