تبارشناسي پارك هاي شهري دوره پهلوي اول، نمونه موردي: باغ ملي تهران

Formation and Features of Tehran Urban Parks during the Reign of First Pahlavi Period, Case Study: Tehran National Garden (Baq-EMelli)

پار كها به عنوان يك از مهمترين عناصر در فضاي سبز شهري، نقش بسيار مهمي در زندگي اجتماعي و مراودات فرهنگي شهرنشينان دارند. در فرهنگ ما اگر چه ايجاد فضاي سبز به معناي خاص آن به صورت "باغ" پيشينه بسيار كهني دارد و به دوره هخامنشيان باز مي گردد، اما از اواسط دوره قاجار و به دنبال افزايش مراودات ايران با غرب، شاهد تاثير پذيري سبك باغسازي در ايران از سبك هاي غربي مي باشيم. با اين حال حضور پارك هاي شهري به مفهوم امروزي در فضاي شهر هاي ايران سابقه چندان طولاني نداشته و به ابتداي دوره پهلوي اول باز مي گردد. «باغ ملي تهران » كه از آن به عنوان نخستين پارك عمومي شهري در ايران ياد مي گردد، اگر چه داراي عمر بسيار كوتاهي در ابتداي قرن حاضر بوده است، ولي اهميت بسيار زيادي در فضاي شهري تهران به عنوان اولين پارك شهري داشته است. در اين راستا شناسايي ساختار و ويژگي هاي باغ ملي تهران به عنوان نخستين پارك در ايران مي تواند راهگشاي شناسايي روش و سبك معماري منظر در دوره پهلوي اول باشد. پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از روش پژوهش مطالعه موردي به دنبال شناسايي عوامل تاثير گذار در شكل گيري پارك هاي شهري در ايران و بازشناسي باغ ملي تهران به عنوان نخستين پارك شهري ايران مي باشد. نتايج حاصل از اين پژوهش نشان مي دهد كه شكل گيري پارك هاي شهري در دوره پهلوي اول در ايران معلول عوامل داخلي و خارجي مختلفي بوده است. از سوي ديگر نخستين پارك هاي شهري در تهران و ايران تحت تاثير سبك هاي معماري منظر غربي شكل گرفته اند.

Urban Parks, as one of the main component of urban green spaces, have an important role in urban social life and cultural exchanges. Their importance in the process of sustainable development causes that they are considered as one of the most important indicators of community development. Although, green spaces in the shape of “garden” have an old history in Iranian culture since Achaemenian period, the modern concept of park, for the first time, was constructed in the region of first Pahlavi. In fact, since the middle of Qajar dynasty, the Persian gardening style was influenced by the gardening styles of Europe and some gardens in Tehran were built according to these styles. Subsequently, construction of public green spaces in Iran cities at the reign of First Pahlavi, were emerged by some causes which led to change Iranian architecture and urbanism since the middle of Qajar dynasty (during the reign of Naser al-Din Shah-e Qajar). Interactions between Iran and European countries in this period, changed the concept and form of Garden in Iran and caused some gardens in Tehran to form according to the Western gardening styles. Since this period the word of “Park” was used for some of the private gardens which were designed according to the western gardening styles such as “Park-E Amino dole”, “Park-e Atabak” and “Park-e Zel ol Soltan”. However, the concept of urban parks in Iran had not been considered until the reign of First Pahlavi. The National Garden of Tehran (Baq-e-Melli), built in 1928, which is considered as the first public park in Iran, has had a significant effect on the citizens social memories and modern urban parks of Iran. This place was the first public green space built o Iran; therefore, for recognizing methods and styles of landscape architecture at the reign of First Pahlavi, it is important to identify the structure and features of this park as a tool to recognize methods and styles of landscape architecture at that time. The present paper focuses on visualizing the similarities between the properties of the National Garden of Tehran (Baq-e-Melli) and several different garden design styles. Main questions of this paper are as following: • What were the main factors in shaping the urban parks in the reign of First Pahlavi? • What were the main features of the National Garden of Tehran (Baq-e-Melli)? • Which styles of the landscape design did affect National Garden of Tehran (Baqe-Melli)? To gain these purposes, this paper studied external and internal factors which ultimately contribute to change gardening style in Iran at Qajar Period, such as changing of the concept and structure of “city”, increasing in public interest to public green spaces, and travelling of Iranians to European countries. Then, it studied the first parks which were created in this period, including National Garden and Ferdowsi Garden of Tehran. This paper used historic documents for recognition the feathers of National Garden of Tehran. At last, the study compared the style of National Garden with different gardening styles. This research is a case study as well as a qualitative one. It is based on the Grounded Theory method. The information gathering is based on Library Research method. The results of this study show that the National Garden of Tehran was more influenced by the Baroque garden than other styles. Several properties of National Garden of Tehran, such as geometry and axes, decoration, order, and nature and its elements are close to the Baroque garden style. This shows that the National Garden of Tehran has the greatest similarity to the Industrial Revolution public park regarding to the function and relationship with the city and environment. In addition, considering the architectural and artistic elements, the National Garden (Baq-e-Melli) of Tehran is quite similar to the Persian garden and the Barouqe garden. This park, as the first park of Iran, is designed according to western gardening styles rather than Iranian traditional gardening style. Also, the primitive urban parks in Tehran and Iran were influenced by the Western styles of landscape architecture. Keywords: Urban Parks, First Pahlavi Period, Landscape, National Garden.