خوانشي از دگرگوني شهر در عصر اطلاعات و جهاني شدن

A Review of Urban Transformations during Information- Globalization Era

هدف نوشتار حاضر نيل به تصويري بيش و كم روشن از دگرگوني هاي شهر در عصر اطلاعات و جهاني شدن است و آنكه اين دگرگوني ها كه ماحصل آن از ديد بسياري از انديشمندان، فرآيندهاي جهاني شدن و جهاني سازي و فروريختن ساختارهاي معمول و باز تعريف آن ها در قالب مفاهيم جهاني است چگونه شكل شهرها را تغيير مي دهد. پژوهش در اين نوشتار مبتني بر روش تبييني – تحليلي است كه با توجه به كيفي بودن مسيله، تحليل به شيوه تطبيقي انجام شده است. سعي بر آن است با مرور نوشتگان و آراي صاحبنظران، جنبه هايي از اين تحولات در رابطه با شهر بررسي شود، مهم ترين ويژگي تبعي آن ها يعني مقوله شهرهاي جهاني مورد مداقه گيرد و دگرگوني هاي ناشي از آن در ابعاد كالبدي و غير كالبدي شهر و فضاي شهري مورد تحليل و تطبيق قرار گيرد. حالتي كه در آن توسعه شهري به كمك فضاهاي سايبري و در همپوشي با واقعيت موجود به عنوان مكمل فضاهاي شهري، به صورت هيبريدي و با منطق شبكه اي معنادار مي شود. خصوصيت چنين فضايي تسلط بر محدوديت هاي زماني و مكاني است كه عموماً باعث گرديده مسايل بنيادي زندگي انسان امروزي بردي جهاني پيدا كنند، جامعه جهاني بيش از پيش وابسته شود و بسياري از فرآيندهاي جهاني شدن شكل بگيرند كه خود به تبع، شكل گيري مراكزي فرا منطقه اي را در قالب شهرهاي جهاني در پي داشته است. نتيجه همه اين دگرگوني ها ارايه ي تعريف جديدي از زمان و جغرافيا به صورت اجتماعات فراملي و چندگانگي فرهنگي است. فضاهاي شهري و طراحي آن در اين شرايط باز تعريف مي شود و قالب هاي مفهومي، هندسي و شكلي جديدي در لايه ها و مقياس هاي مختلف شهر بر پايه سيستم شبكه اي شهرها و مبتني بر رويه ي طراحي جديد، منتج از شرايط اقتصادي، فرهنگي، سياسي و فني- تكنيكي جديد شكل مي گيرد.

The present article is examining the transformation of cities in information and globalization era. According to the experts, this transformation is as the result of globalization process in which means changing the ordinary structures and redefinition of them in globalized world. Due to the qualitative nature of the subject, an analytic research methodology is adopted using comparative method. The literature regarding to the transformation of globalized cities was reviewed in order to gather data about the characteristics of global cities and their physical and non-physical aspects. This paper considers issues such as privatization and economic transformation, transformation of transportation, immigration and movement. Nowadays, city centers are created regarding to a particular pattern and meaning in virtual social and interactive spatial context. Some cultural values such as identity have also encountered with drastic changes. Alteration in concepts of time and place is the phenomenon which could change the concepts of architecture and create a new definition for form and space. It is obvious that new order shapes our built environment which is different from that of industrial and post industrial cities. As industrialization and mechanical mode of transportation changed, the traditional forms of the cities have been shifted to a new and modern order. It can be assumed that cities in pre-electronic age would transform as a result of cyber era and we should expect to experience new townscape and forms. What happened in 1990s was replacing space of places with space of flows that are new spatial compositions which are totally distinctive from the old ones. Global cities are the result of technological revolution and communication advancement capabilities. Global cities have appeared through international division of labor and the new economic condition as the outcomes of information technology evolution. In these circumstances, transferring of capital could happen in seconds and without any risk. Borderless economy is much dependent on various factors such as capital, commodities, raw materials, work forces and tourisms. Government policies are extremely important for privatization and opening local and closed economies, in order to attract multinational corporations and provide facilities for national economical institution to share and become active in global economy. International forces, specially “international urban economy” are the factors that bind future of cities to international networks. In this situation, city development is more related to global than national circumstances. In this situation, cities or city regions are not isolated islands any more, they are part of networks of cities influenced by global networks. Therefore their roles are assigned by such networks and it is not necessarily reliant on their size. In this situation of transformation, various elements of globalization create unstable circumstances for older hierarchy of cities and then “De concentrated Concentration” is possibly observed. In this situation concentration of global activities can be observed in main city of metropolitan region, especially central economical activities and decentralization in this context is transferring part of urban activities to regional nodes and other city centers. Patterns of urban open spaces in global cities are too dependent on privatization and private finance and their priorities which end up in uneven development of many city centers. This is the type of urban design which, due to the reliance of cities on private sector economy, is un-balance and piecemeal. Cities reliance on private sector economy has resulted in an un-balanced and piecemeal urban development and design. This type of urban design relies too much on markets and is so much concerned about visual aesthetic and neglects the context. International clients with global issues and agenda are one of the main reasons which make the import/export of services in global company design tremendously increased. In the other hands, the urban design tendencies have been affected by teleworking life style and wired residential communities that introduced different forms. These forms are usually mixed uses of residential development that are facilitated with cheap and high speed internet services shaping online communities; virtual cities with online shopping, electronic education, electronic libraries, and etc. These new socio – electronic phenomena and their dependent spatial forms are called Technoscapes. In this research, the new post industrial cities’ orders and their design characteristics Have redefined and new concepts, forms and geometry in various layers of cities have introduced. Keywords: Information City, Global City, Urban Transformations, Space of Flows, Privatization, De-concentrated Concentration, Technoscapes.