بررسي وضعيت زنان در برنامه‏هاي توسعه اقتصادي، اجتماعي، و فرهنگي پس از انقلاب

An Assessment of the Women’s Situation in Development Economical, Social and Cultural Programs after Revolution

دستيابي به توسعه و بهبود كيفيت زندگي از آرمان‏هايي است كه همواره ذهن بشر را به خود مشغول كرده است. يكي از مقولات بسيار مهم در امر توسعه، كه مدت‏ها مورد غفلت نظريه‌پردازان و سياستگذاران قرار گرفته بود، موضوع زنان است. از‌اين‌رو، در اين پژوهش، هدفْ بررسي وضعيت و موقعيت زنان در برنامه‏هاي توسعه پس از انقلاب است. روش استفاده‌شده، توصيفي‌ـ تحليلي است و تحليل يافته‏ها بر‌اساس الگوي نظري نهادگرايي، با تاكيد ويژه بر ديدگاه‌هاي آمارتيا سن، انجام شده است. نتايج حاصل از پژوهش نشان مي‏دهد، عمق اختلاف و تفاوت برنامه اول و دوم توسعه با نظريه‌هاي سن بسيار زياد است و مهم‏ترين عامل موثر در اين تفاوت، رش‌محور‌بودن اين برنامه‏هاست. با توجه به رويكرد غالب در برنامه سوم، يعني توانمندسازي زنان، با تاكيد بر فراهم‌كردن زمينه‌هاي لازم براي افزايش مشاركت زنان، حركتي همسو با ديدگاه سن صورت گرفته و توجه به آموزش، بهداشت، اشتغال، مشاركت سياسي، و‌... به‌منزله روش‏هايي براي افزايش توانمندي‏هاي زنان در نظر گرفته شده‏اند. روح حاكم بر برنامه چهارم توسعه، ايده جنسيت، و توسعه و ارتقاي سطح كيفيت زندگي افراد، از طريق تحول اساسي در متغيرهاي اقتصادي، آموزشي، و بهداشتي مورد توجه قرار گرفته است. مروري بر شاخص‏هاي توسعه انساني، توسعه جنسيتي، و توانمندسازي زنان نشان مي‏دهد كه طي اجراي برنامه‏هاي اول تا چهارم، وضعيت زنان از لحاظ بهداشت و آموزش بهبود نسبي پيدا كرده است.

Access to development and life quality improvement are ideals that all the time has involved human’s mind. Nowadays development phenomenon besides economic programs contains cultural and social subject. One of the important subjects in development part is womenʹs issues. In these days, even though trend to womenʹs issues in new approaches of development has increased, but in many countries several problems of women are observed. Goal of this research is evaluation of womenʹs position in development programs after revolution and concentration to womenʹs issues, also we want to know reflex ions of approaches on goals, policies, model, programʹs quantitative indices and its implementations (with emphasis on Amartyasenʹs approaches). Thus a relevant index has been considered. Applied method is descriptive and analytical. Analyses have been chosen based on theory pattern that is institutionalism with special emphasis on Amartyasenʹs approaches. Two important and necessary concentration to womenʹs role in development with Amartyasenʹs approach is better function observation about potentialities, appropriate condition in education, health, employment in women centric issues and gender inequalities negative role in other inequalities increase. Research results demonstrate differences between senʹs opinions and first and second development programs is too much and the most important factor in this incompatibility is that these development programs are based on economic growth. Third development program (Gender Empowerment), education, health, employment, policitical participation and etc, are goals that are based on senʹs approach and education, health, employment and political participation are considered. In the fourth development program, women participation development is emphasized and the government must follow programʹs goals about women. Dominant view in the fourth development program is the idea of gender and development. Improvement of life quality that is considered through substantial changes in economic, educational and health parameters. In some cases, women has been given more priority and adapted based on Amartyasenʹs approach. An overview on human development, gender development and Gender Empowerment indices express during first to fourth development programs, womenʹs situation such as health and education has been relatively improved. Although indices show fewer ratios for women. In other cases such as womenʹs income proportion, participation rate in labor force, proportion of parliamentʹs chairs, proportion of high level managerial and legislation hasn’t changed in this period.