بررسي هرمنوتيك پل ريكور و تاويل مخاطب از اثر هنري با تكيه بر عنوان

Examining Paul Ricoeurʹʹs Hermeneutics and Interpretation of Audience from the Artistic work through Relying on Title

در ازدحام دگرگوني هاي هنري سده ي بيستم، آثار نقاشي نيز «عنوان» هاي گوناگوني به خود پذيرفته اند؛ در بررسي اين عنوان ها با گذر از علل انتخاب آنها، نقش عنوان در رويارويي با مخاطب و چگونگي تاثير بر تاويل مخاطب مطرح مي گردد؛ كه اين پژوهش نيز از منظر هرمنوتيك ريكور قصد بررسي اين تاثيرپذيري را دارد. در هرمنوتيك ريكور با مطرح شدن اثر هنري همچون گفتمان، مخاطب و متن، اهميتي بيش از مولف آن مي يابند. اثر به جهاني ارجاع دارد كه روياروي جهان مخاطب قرار مي گيرد و مخاطب با طي كردن مراحل تاويل ريكور يعني تبيين، فهم، و خويشتن فهمي، اثر را تاويل مي كند. مي توان نقشي براي عنوان در اين فرآيند در نظر گرفت. عنوان مي تواند بخشي از استراتژي مولف باشد و با كاركردي همچون استعاره، و يا ابداع پيرنگ، موجب نوآوري معنايي گردد. همان طور كه نقاش سده ي بيستم، خلاقانه در انتخاب عنوان اثر هر چه بيشتر با مخاطب درگير شده، نوآوري معنايي را از او طلب مي كند؛ تا مخاطب با هر تاويل، معنا را بازآفريده، پيكربندي متن را دگرگون سازد. شيوه ي پيشبرد اين پژوهش از نظر هدف، توسعه اي-كاربردي، از نظر روش، تطبيقي-تحليلي مي باشد. همچنين داده ها با روش كتابخانه اي-تركيبي گردآوري شده ، به صورت كيفي، از طريق منطق و استدلال مورد تجزيه تحليل قرار گرفته اند.

In the swarm of artistic transformations in 20th century, works of painting also have got different "titles". In examining these titles, through passing the reasons for choosing them the role of title is introduced in encountering the audience and the way of affecting on the interpretation of audience. This research also tries to study about these influences through Ricoeurʹs hermeneutics. Ricoeur explicitly states that the first realm that hermeneutics takes the responsibility to represent is the language. It is the language that allows us to talk about arts. In defining the language Paul Ricoeur is influenced by Emile Benveniste and stays away from structuralism. Like Emile Benveniste, Paul Ricoeur considers the language based on discourse; accordingly, each work of art is a discourse which conveys a message, and reveals an aspect of reality through the conversation with the audience. By presenting artistic work as discourse, audience and text are more important than author, and meaning of the work only becomes complete in action of interpretation by audience. Work refers to a world that encounters the world of audience, and audience by passing through stages of Ricoeur’s interpretation, that is, explanation, understanding, and self- understanding, interprets the work, in other words, the audience reaches the meaning. One can consider a role for title in this process which starts with explanation of the work, and finally ends up in self-understanding. Title can be considered as a part of the authorʹs strategy and can create meaning innovation through functions such as metaphor or plot innovation. In fact in the reading action of audience, title can give refiguration of the work to audience till audience can recreate meaning of the work in each interpretation and turns configuration of the work. As the painter of the 20th century demands the audience semantic innovation so that with the assistance of painting interlude and its title, the audience won’t be the inactive consumer of the thoughts of the creator of art anymore, but he should have participated in creating the meaning of the work by himself. Titles often play an important role in relation to the audience’s interpretation ever since the modern art. In modern painting, due to multiplied importance of structure of the art work for its creator, the narrative fades out and the titles get metaphorical function. Such a function could be seen during this period, particularly in the titles selected by Dadaists and Surrealists due to their particular perception of language. However, through transition from modern art to post modernism and with increasing importance of narrative, audience, and audience’s interpretation, the titles in postmodern paintings function more to devise plot because the artist’s strategy demands the audience to recreate the configuration of the work and to make his own interpretation via his contribution to plot invention. Procedure of this research was development-applied in terms of objective, and also, this research used a descriptive and comparative-analytic method, and data collected by library method were finally qualitatively analyzed logic and argument.